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This review synthesizes the neurologic music therapy (NMT) framework, encompassing techniques targeting attention, memory, and executive function, delivered through both active and receptive approaches. Clinical investigations indicate that music therapy may improve cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2013related cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, effects appear to vary by intervention duration and disease stage. This narrative review aims to provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the non-pharmacological intervention of cognitive impairment by collating evidence on the neuroplasticity theoretical foundations, technical systems, and clinical applications of music therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1828930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T06:21:00Z","timestamp":1779949260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mechanisms of action and advances in application of music therapy in improving cognitive impairment based on the theory of neuroplasticity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zi-Tong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Xin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Zhu","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Yi","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Arts, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2017.10.008","article-title":"Musical attention control training (MACT) in secure residential youth care: A randomised controlled pilot study.","volume":"57","author":"Abrahams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arts Psychother."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2023.2228951","article-title":"Role of music therapy in improving cognitive function post-traumatic brain injury: A systematic review.","volume":"32","author":"Alashram","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. 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