{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:54:28Z","timestamp":1790610868553,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cochlear implantation is a common treatment for adults with single-sided deafness (SSD), but patient-reported benefits vary. The relationships among tinnitus burden, perceived hearing ability, psychological distress, disease-specific health-related quality of life, and whether early postoperative outcomes predict later results are not well understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explores how disease-specific quality of life relates to tinnitus burden, hearing, stress, depression, and anxiety after cochlear implantation in SSD. It also seeks early markers linked to 2-year outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This secondary complete-case analysis was based on a previously reported prospective longitudinal SSD cohort. Of 70 adults with postlingual SSD, 36 (51.4%) had complete Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire (NCIQ) data at baseline and at 6\u202fmonths, 1\u202fyear, and 2\u202fyears after unilateral cochlear implantation and were included. Additional measures included the Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ), Oldenburg Inventory (OI), PerceivFed Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), General Depression Scale (ADS-L), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), and Freiburg Monosyllable Test (FMT) at 65\u202fdB. Timepoint-specific correlations with the NCIQ were analyzed using Spearman\u2019s rank correlations. Exploratory multivariable analyses employed linear regression on rank-transformed variables to assess whether baseline and 6-month patient-reported profiles were associated with 2-year NCIQ outcomes. Longitudinal within-patient comparisons were conducted as a secondary descriptive analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher NCIQ scores were linked to lower tinnitus burden and better hearing across all assessments. Associations with depression and anxiety persisted, while connections with perceived stress emerged after surgery. At baseline, higher tinnitus burden was associated with lower 2-year NCIQ scores. At 6\u202fmonths, higher tinnitus is still associated with lower 2-year NCIQ scores, whereas better hearing is associated with higher 2-year NCIQ scores. Early postoperative improvement was followed by stabilization over 2\u202fyears.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improvement in health-related quality of life after cochlear implantation in adults with SSD is complex and extends beyond hearing alone. Tinnitus was the most consistent negative factor, while improved subjective hearing at 6\u202fmonths was associated with better outcomes at 2\u202fyears. These results support a structured, multidimensional approach to patient-reported follow-up after cochlear implantation in SSD and suggest that early postoperative patient-reported status may serve as an early candidate marker for later quality-of-life outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1832641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:39:51Z","timestamp":1776227991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Early tinnitus burden and subjective hearing are candidate markers of 2-year quality of life after cochlear implantation in single-sided deafness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jasper Karl Friedrich","family":"Schrader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Gr\u00f6schel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka J.","family":"Szczepek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra","place":["Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Olze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0b013e3181fcf271","article-title":"Comparison of pseudobinaural hearing to real binaural hearing rehabilitation after cochlear implantation in patients with unilateral deafness and tinnitus","volume":"32","author":"Arndt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-023-01318-6","article-title":"Prospektive Vergleichsanalyse von Ci-Patienten mit einseitiger Taubheit und asymmetrischem H\u00f6rverlust hinsichtlich der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualit\u00e4t, Tinnitusbelastung und psychischen Komorbidit\u00e4ten","volume":"71","author":"Bassiouni","year":"2023","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09900-y","article-title":"Cochlear implantation impact on health service utilisation and social outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Bekele Okuba","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-025-09298-9","article-title":"Cochlear implant benefits over time in adult patients with single sided deafness","volume":"282","author":"Cuda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorrinolaringol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0000000000003833","article-title":"Cochlear implantation outcomes in adults with single-sided deafness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Daher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.47.3.142","article-title":"Validierung des \u201cperceived stress questionnaire\u201d (PSQ) an einer deutschen Stichprobe [validation of the \u201cperceived stress questionnaire\u201d (PSQ) in a German sample.]","volume":"47","author":"Fliege","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000671","article-title":"Benefits of cochlear implantation for single-sided deafness: data from the house clinic-University of Southern California-University of California, Los Angeles clinical trial","volume":"40","author":"Galvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000258202","article-title":"Psychische beschwerden bei chronischem tinnitus: erprobung und evaluation des Tinnitus-Fragebogens (TF)","volume":"2","author":"Goebel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2018.1442591","article-title":"Interpreting the tinnitus questionnaire (German version): what individual differences are clinically important?","volume":"57","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28007","article-title":"Multifactorial positive influence of cochlear implantation on patients with single-sided deafness","volume":"130","author":"H\u00e4u\u00dfler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Allgemeine Depressionsskala (Ads)","author":"Hautzinger","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(92)90070-I","article-title":"A psychometric study of complaints in chronic tinnitus","volume":"36","author":"Hiller","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2000.108203","article-title":"Development and application of a health-related quality-of-life instrument for adults with cochlear implants: the Nijmegen cochlear implant questionnaire","volume":"123","author":"Hinderink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"48","article-title":"Ein fragebogen zur erfassung des subjektiven h\u00f6rverm\u00f6gens: erstellung der fragen und beziehung zum tonschwellenaudiogramm","volume":"30","author":"Holube","year":"1991","journal-title":"Audiol. Akust."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"22","article-title":"Modifikation eines fragebogens zur erfassung des subjektiven h\u00f6rverm\u00f6gens und dessen beziehung zur sprachverst\u00e4ndlichkeit in ruhe und unter st\u00f6rger\u00e4uschen","volume":"94","author":"Holube","year":"1994","journal-title":"Audiol. Akust."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-016-0150-x","article-title":"Der Freiburger Sprachtest","volume":"64","author":"Hoth","year":"2016","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e563","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002590","article-title":"Binaural hearing rehabilitation improves speech perception, quality of life, tinnitus distress, and psychological comorbidities","volume":"41","author":"Ketterer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000380753","article-title":"Improving health-related quality of life in single-sided deafness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Kitterick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30452","article-title":"Cochlear implants for single-sided deafness: quality of life, daily usage, and duration of deafness","volume":"133","author":"Lindquist","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1159\/000514085","article-title":"Cochlear implantation and other treatments in single-sided deafness and asymmetric hearing loss: results of a national multicenter study including a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Marx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998221083283","article-title":"Cochlear implantation in adults with single-sided deafness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"168","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22356","article-title":"Elderly patients benefit from cochlear implantation regarding auditory rehabilitation, quality of life, tinnitus, and stress","volume":"122","author":"Olze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089610","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1089610","article-title":"Effects of auditory rehabilitation with cochlear implant on tinnitus prevalence and distress, health-related quality of life, subjective hearing and psychological comorbidities: comparative analysis of patients with asymmetric hearing loss (Ahl), double-sided (bilateral) deafness (Dsd), and single-sided (unilateral) deafness (Ssd)","volume":"13","author":"Olze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020644","article-title":"Long-term auditory, tinnitus, and psychological outcomes after Cochlear implantation in single-sided deafness: a two-year prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Schrader","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70090","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.70090","article-title":"Speech, spatial, and qualities of hearing scale and tinnitus functional index improvements after Cochlear implant surgery for single-sided deafness","volume":"10","author":"Shapiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the gad-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003783","article-title":"Quality of life impact of cochlear implantation for single-sided deafness: assessing the interrelationship of objective and subjective measures","volume":"44","author":"Tolisano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1159\/000455058","article-title":"Towards a unified testing framework for single-sided deafness studies: a consensus paper","volume":"21","author":"Van De Heyning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030812","article-title":"Research insights on neural effects of auditory deprivation and restoration in unilateral hearing loss: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Vanderauwera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428106","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1428106","article-title":"Tinnitus reduction in patients with single-sided deafness: the effect of cochlear implantation, bone conduction devices, and contralateral routing of sound hearing aids investigated in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Wendrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2024.231457","article-title":"Cochlear implantation in single-sided deafness and asymmetric hearing loss: 12\u202fmonths follow-up results of a European multicenter evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Wesarg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Adv. Otol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1832641\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:40:02Z","timestamp":1776228002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1832641\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2026.1832641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1832641","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"article-number":"1832641"}}