{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T06:48:25Z","timestamp":1782197305454,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is an age-related and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive impairment and irreversible neuronal degeneration, affecting approximately 55 million individuals worldwide. Despite extensive research efforts, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of AD remain incompletely understood, and effective therapeutic strategies for preventing or delaying disease progression are still lacking. Increasing evidence suggests that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. However, the dynamic alterations of gut microbiota during AD progression across different transgenic mouse models remain poorly characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present study, we investigated age-dependent changes in gut microbiota composition in three commonly used AD mouse models, including APP\/PS1, 3xTg, and 5xFAD mice, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fecal samples were collected longitudinally at 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of age to evaluate microbial diversity, community structure, and differential bacterial taxa during aging and disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results demonstrated distinct and model-dependent alterations in gut microbiota composition across different stages of AD progression. Significant changes in microbial diversity and bacterial community structure were observed among the three AD mouse models and wild-type controls. In particular, dynamic alterations in Verrucomicrobiota, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteriota were consistently identified during aging in AD mice. In addition, \u03b2-diversity, Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), and correlation network analyses further revealed differential microbial signatures associated with different AD mouse models and age stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, our findings provide additional evidence that gut microbiota composition undergoes dynamic alterations during aging in multiple AD mouse models and may be associated with AD-related progression. This study may contribute to a better understanding of microbiota-associated changes during AD development and provide a basis for future mechanistic studies targeting the microbiota-gutbrain axis in AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1849896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T06:18:53Z","timestamp":1782195533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic changes of gut microbiota during progression of three Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zhiyan","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemin","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4","article-title":"An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities.","volume":"76","author":"Adak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. 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