{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:40:07Z","timestamp":1787586007312,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration, \u03b1-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory remodeling. Although these mechanisms have been extensively investigated, how systemic metabolic and microbiota-derived signals intersect with neuronal translational control remains incompletely understood. Queuosine (Q) modification of tRNAs is a distinctive RNA modification because its precursor, queuine, is not synthesized\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    by mammalian cells but is acquired from diet and gut microbial metabolism. Emerging evidence indicates that Q-tRNA modification can influence codon decoding, translational speed, proteostasis, oxidative stress responses, and mitochondrial function, but direct evidence linking Q-tRNA dysregulation to PD remains limited. In this narrative review, we propose a conceptual and hypothesis-generating framework in which the microbiota-queuine-Q-tRNA modification axis may contribute to neuronal translational buffering and stress adaptation in PD. We distinguish established mechanisms, emerging evidence, and speculative links, emphasizing that the complete causal chain from exercise-induced microbiota remodeling to altered queuine availability, Q-tRNA modification, mitochondrial translational recalibration, and dopaminergic neuroprotection has not yet been experimentally demonstrated. We further discuss tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) as candidate biomarkers and potential effector molecules in PD-associated translational stress, neuroinflammation, and intercellular RNA communication. Finally, we outline experimental priorities for validating this model, including direct Q-tRNA profiling in PD tissues and biofluids, exercise-intervention studies in PD models, microbiota\/queuine manipulation, and mechanistic testing of circulating RNA carrier transport across the blood-brain barrier. This framework does not establish a new pathogenic pathway, but provides a structured roadmap for investigating how exercise, microbial metabolism, and RNA modification biology may converge on selective neuronal vulnerability in PD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1854892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:48:29Z","timestamp":1781156909000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The exercise-microbiota-queuine-tRNA axis in Parkinson's disease: evidence, uncertainties, and experimental priorities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Normal University","place":["Laibin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.enz.2017.03.005","article-title":"The role of RNA modifications in translational fidelity","volume":"41","author":"Agris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enzymes"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.11.046","article-title":"tRNA's wobble decoding of the genome: 40 years of modification","volume":"366","author":"Agris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318225ab66","article-title":"Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?","volume":"77","author":"Ahlskog","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.12.015","article-title":"Aerobic exercise: evidence for a direct brain effect to slow Parkinson disease progression","volume":"93","author":"Ahlskog","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001495","volume":"50","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA\u2014a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dmm050870","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050870","article-title":"Distinct fingerprints of tRNA-derived small non-coding RNA in animal models of neurodegeneration","volume":"17","author":"Baindoor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dis. Model Mech"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124407","article-title":"Transport of extracellular vesicles across the blood-brain barrier: brain pharmacokinetics and effects of inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Banks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0428-y","article-title":"Functional implications of microbial and viral gut metagenome changes in early stage L-DOPA-na\u00efve Parkinson's disease patients","volume":"9","author":"Bedarf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.09.021","article-title":"Trm9-catalyzed tRNA modifications link translation to the DNA damage response","volume":"28","author":"Begley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13731","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease","volume":"139","author":"Bose","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D239","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1083","article-title":"MODOMICS: a database of RNA modifications and related information. 2023 update","volume":"52","author":"Cappannini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2024.01.016","article-title":"The HRI branch of the integrated stress response selectively triggers mitophagy","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-23-00036","article-title":"Ozone rectal insufflation mitigates chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation-induced cognitive impairment through inflammation alleviation and gut microbiota regulation in mice","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Gas Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0549-x","article-title":"The prion hypothesis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70084","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.70084","article-title":"Moderate chronic treadmill exercise slows dopaminergic neuron loss in a rat model of Parkinson's disease and alters RNA content of circulating plasma exosomes","volume":"103","author":"Citron","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E320","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00215.2020","article-title":"Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in the intercellular communication for exercise-induced adaptations","volume":"319","author":"Denham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11047","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04925-2","article-title":"Inhibition of tRF-02514 in extracellular vesicles preserves microglia pyroptosis and protects against Parkinson's disease","volume":"62","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2025.168985","article-title":"Queuine: a bacterial nucleobase shaping translation in eukaryotes","volume":"437","author":"Ehrenhofer-Murray","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10959","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.077560","article-title":"Angiogenin-induced tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs promote stress-induced stress granule assembly","volume":"285","author":"Emara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab289","article-title":"The human tRNA-guanine transglycosylase displays promiscuous nucleobase preference but strict tRNA specificity","volume":"49","author":"Fergus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314542981","article-title":"Intensive rehabilitation treatment in early Parkinson's disease: a randomized pilot study with a 2-year follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Frazzitta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.01.053","article-title":"Exercise protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice","volume":"1341","author":"Gerecke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.385949","article-title":"Realizing brain therapy with \u201csmart medicine\u201d: mechanism and case report of molecular hydrogen inhalation for Parkinson's disease","volume":"14","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Gas Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.06.022","article-title":"Angiogenin-induced tRNA fragments inhibit translation initiation","volume":"43","author":"Ivanov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8030081","article-title":"Crystal structure of the human tRNA guanine transglycosylase catalytic subunit QTRT1","volume":"8","author":"Johannsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12308","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12308","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and high-density lipoproteins: exercise and oestrogen-responsive small RNA carriers","volume":"12","author":"Karvinen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3861","article-title":"Emerging roles of tRNA in adaptive translation, signalling dynamics and disease","volume":"16","author":"Kirchner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a008888","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008888","article-title":"Genetics of Parkinson's disease","volume":"2","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3406","article-title":"The many faces of \u03b1-synuclein: from structure and toxicity to therapeutic target","volume":"14","author":"Lashuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07626.x","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of exercise in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease with moderate neurodegeneration","volume":"33","author":"Lau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.25068","article-title":"Factors associated with the response to exercise in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07992-y","article-title":"AARS1 and AARS2 sense L-lactate to regulate cGAS as global lysine lactyltransferases","volume":"634","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05574-0","article-title":"Queuine ameliorates impaired mitochondrial function caused by mt-tRNAAsn variants","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-025-00851-z","article-title":"Pre-symptomatic Parkinson's disease blood test quantifying repetitive sequence motifs in transfer RNA fragments","volume":"5","author":"Madrer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.05.035","article-title":"TRNA-derived fragments as sex-dependent circulating candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease","volume":"65","author":"Magee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000183","article-title":"Exercise and the gut microbiome: a review of the evidence, potential mechanisms, and implications for human health","volume":"47","author":"Mailing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49178","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.49178","article-title":"Distinct mitochondrial defects trigger the integrated stress response depending on the metabolic state of the cell","volume":"9","author":"Mick","year":"2020","journal-title":"ELife"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1006\/mgme.2001.3216","article-title":"Queuosine modification of tRNA: a case for convergent evolution","volume":"74","author":"Morris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1691","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1691","article-title":"RNA nucleotide methylation: 2021 update","volume":"13","author":"Motorin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz063","article-title":"Queuine links translational control in eukaryotes to a micronutrient from bacteria","volume":"47","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.05.022","article-title":"Optimization of codon translation rates via tRNA modifications maintains proteome integrity","volume":"161","author":"Nedialkova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826193","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.826193","article-title":"Evidence that substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons are selectively vulnerable to oxidative stress because they are highly metabolically active","volume":"16","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0251-y","article-title":"RNA delivery by extracellular vesicles in mammalian cells and its applications","volume":"21","author":"O'Brien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00532","article-title":"Effects of acute aerobic exercise on rats serum extracellular vesicles diameter, concentration and small RNAs content","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201642195","article-title":"The integrated stress response","volume":"17","author":"Pakos-Zebrucka","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15723","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid and blood profiles of transfer RNA fragments show age, sex, and Parkinson's disease-related changes","volume":"164","author":"Paldor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurochem"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab104","article-title":"The human tRNA taurine modification enzyme GTPBP3 is an active GTPase linked to mitochondrial diseases","volume":"49","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13545-8","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome in the progression of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of patient cohorts","volume":"273","author":"Peters","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70123-6","article-title":"Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Petzinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.134551","article-title":"Ribonuclease\/angiogenin inhibitor 1 regulates stress-induced subcellular localization of angiogenin to control growth and survival","volume":"126","author":"Pizzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cell Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0375-9","article-title":"Angiogenin and tRNA fragments in Parkinson's disease and neurodegeneration","volume":"41","author":"Prehn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2007.04.004","article-title":"Exercise, oxidative stress and hormesis","volume":"7","author":"Radak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400213","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202400213","article-title":"Queuosine tRNA modification: connecting the microbiome to the translatome","volume":"47","author":"Rashad","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.14.580389","article-title":"Translational response to mitochondrial stresses is orchestrated by tRNA modifications","author":"Rashad","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00156-z","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the Parkinson's disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14787","article-title":"The autophagy of stress granules","volume":"598","author":"Ryan","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"167","author":"Sampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.09.019","article-title":"Metabolic control of mitochondrial biogenesis through the PGC-1 family regulatory network","volume":"1813","author":"Scarpulla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402160","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease","volume":"14","author":"Schapira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26069","article-title":"Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype","volume":"30","author":"Scheperjans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630003","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1630003","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and gut flora: a key link to improved cognitive impairment in mice with Parkinson's disease","volume":"17","author":"Shan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2023.12.006","article-title":"Structural and functional insights into tRNA recognition by human tRNA guanine transglycosylase","volume":"32","author":"Sievers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2021.1950980","article-title":"Structural and functional insights into human tRNA guanine transglycosylase","volume":"18","author":"Sievers","year":"2021","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.24285","article-title":"Small RNAs derived from the 5' end of tRNA can inhibit protein translation in human cells","volume":"10","author":"Sobala","year":"2013","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein in Lewy bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.178","article-title":"Selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson disease","volume":"18","author":"Surmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18068-6","article-title":"Complete chemical structures of human mitochondrial tRNAs","volume":"11","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99777","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201899777","article-title":"Queuosine-modified tRNAs confer nutritional control of protein translation","volume":"37","author":"Tuorto","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.08.004","article-title":"Extracellular miRNA: a collision of two paradigms","volume":"41","author":"Turchinovich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596","article-title":"Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells","volume":"9","author":"Valadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70172","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory response to exercise in Parkinson's disease: associations with autonomic dysfunction and physical activity","volume":"12","author":"Veldkamp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin Pract"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.067033.118","article-title":"Queuosine modification protects cognate tRNAs against ribonuclease cleavage","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042009","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: cells succumbing to lifelong dopamine-related oxidative stress and other bioenergetic challenges","volume":"25","author":"Watanabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-025-02260-0","article-title":"Exercise intensity determines circulating levels of Lac-Phe and other exerkines: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"21","author":"Weber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658162","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1658162","article-title":"Aerobic exercise improves clinical symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease and its potential mechanism","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-00295-8","article-title":"The epitranscriptome beyond m6A","volume":"22","author":"Wiener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4269","article-title":"\u03b1-synuclein toxicity in neurodegeneration: mechanism and therapeutic strategies","volume":"23","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200811106","article-title":"Angiogenin cleaves tRNA and promotes stress-induced translational repression","volume":"185","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.17.4794","article-title":"Wobble modification defect in tRNA disturbs codon-anticodon interaction in a mitochondrial disease","volume":"20","author":"Yasukawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.385945","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide in Parkinson's disease","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16927","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R116.733899","article-title":"Upstream open reading frames differentially regulate gene-specific translation in the integrated stress response","volume":"291","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-025-01750-6","article-title":"Two microbiome metabolites compete for tRNA modification to impact mammalian cell proliferation and translation quality control","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52r","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001059","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1, a potential therapeutic target for early intervention in Parkinson's disease","volume":"2","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1854892\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:48:30Z","timestamp":1781156910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1854892\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2026.1854892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1854892","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"article-number":"1854892"}}