{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:09:30Z","timestamp":1789168170843,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition frequently accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms, pointing to a potential role of the gut microbiota\u2013brain axis. To explore this connection, the present review synthesizes findings from studies published between 2016 and 2026, including observational studies, meta-analyses, animal experiments, and clinical trials, with the aim of characterizing gut microbiota alterations in ASD, elucidating underlying mechanisms, and evaluating emerging therapeutic strategies. Across diverse populations, the most consistent microbial signatures in ASD include reduced abundances of\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    , together with increased abundances of\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia\u2013Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; however, geographic, age-, and sex-specific variations exist. In addition to bacterial changes, the gut virome and mycobiome are also perturbed, as evidenced by enrichment of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium phages<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Mechanistically, these alterations are linked to reduced short-chain fatty acids (especially\n                    <jats:italic>butyrate<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), disrupted tryptophan\u2013serotonin metabolism, and elevated neuroinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-\u03b1, IL-6). Causal evidence from animal models using fecal microbiota transplantation further demonstrates that ASD microbiota can directly induce autistic-like behaviors. Building on this causal link, early-phase clinical trials indicate that fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions (e.g., ketogenic diet) can improve both gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms, although larger double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm efficacy. Furthermore, multi-omics integration and host epigenetic signatures show promise for developing non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. In conclusion, gut dysbiosis plays a causal role in ASD pathophysiology, and microbiome-based interventions represent a rational and potentially transformative therapeutic avenue.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1873864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:37:51Z","timestamp":1785217071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut microbiota dysbiosis in autism spectrum disorder: 10 years of progress on compositional alterations, metabolic\/immune mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Deyang Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Deyang People\u2019s Hospital, Deyang","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Deyang Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Deyang People\u2019s Hospital, Deyang","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Deyang Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Deyang People\u2019s Hospital, Deyang","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Deyang Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Deyang People\u2019s Hospital, Deyang","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Deyang Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Deyang People\u2019s Hospital, Deyang","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Deyang People\u2019s Hospital, Deyang","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081038","article-title":"Fecal transplant and bifidobacterium treatments modulate gut clostridium bacteria and rescue social impairment and hippocampal BDNF expression in a rodent model of autism.","volume":"11","author":"Abuaish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-11-22","article-title":"Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism\u2013comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity.","volume":"11","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01500-3","article-title":"Study of the gut microbiome profile in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A single tertiary hospital experience.","volume":"70","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101401","article-title":"Ketogenic diet induced shifts in the gut microbiome associate with changes to inflammatory cytokines and brain-related mirnas in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"16","author":"Allan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05002-y","article-title":"A meta-analysis of gut microbiota in children with autism.","volume":"52","author":"Andreo-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.06.038","article-title":"Modifications of behavior and inflammation in mice following transplant with fecal microbiota from children with autism.","volume":"498","author":"Avolio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010065","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system neuroanatomical alterations could provoke and maintain gastrointestinal dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A novel microbiome-host interaction mechanistic hypothesis.","volume":"14","author":"Beopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00223","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with altered production of short chain fatty acids in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.","volume":"10","author":"Bojovi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1973-x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal problems in children with autism, developmental delays or typical development.","volume":"44","author":"Chaidez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27822-z","article-title":"Gut microbiota analysis in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their family members.","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102516","article-title":"Integrative multi-omics reveals microbial genomic variants driving altered host-microbe interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01044-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01044-20","article-title":"Gut bacteria shared by children and their mothers associate with developmental level and social deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1039\/d4fo00279b","article-title":"Induction of autism-related behavior in male mice by early-life vitamin D deficiency: Association with disruption of the gut microbial composition and homeostasis.","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45132-0","article-title":"Host fecal DNA specific methylation signatures mark gut dysbiosis and inflammation in children affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"13","author":"Cuomo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1747329","article-title":"Altered gut microbial profile is associated with abnormal metabolism activity of Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"11","author":"Dan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2021.2014954","article-title":"Urinary organic acids spectra in children with altered gut microbiota composition and autistic spectrum disorder.","volume":"76","author":"Daneberga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nord J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6701","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126701","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of gut microbiota composition and functional metabolism in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and neurotypical children: Implications for sex-based differences and metabolic dysregulation.","volume":"25","author":"De Sales-Mill\u00e1n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14515","article-title":"Letter: What gastroenterologists should know about VSL#3.","volume":"47","author":"De Simone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572752","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.572752","article-title":"Imbalance in the gut microbiota of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2174\/011570159X360129250508113618","article-title":"Early-Life microbiome and neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"24","author":"Fakruddin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4012","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05682-0","article-title":"Dysbiosis in gut microbiota in children born preterm who developed Autism Spectrum Disorder: A pilot study.","volume":"53","author":"Fujishiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.70038","article-title":"Association between the gut microbiome and neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with congenital heart disease: A prospective cohort study.","volume":"50","author":"Fundora","year":"2026","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118497","article-title":"The effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on autistic-like behaviors in Fmr1 KO mice.","volume":"262","author":"Goo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.237","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism: Parental report, clinical evaluation, and associated factors.","volume":"5","author":"Gorrindo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2024.2341924","article-title":"Exploration of the impact of dysbiosis in the gut microbiota on microbial composition in children\u2019s neurodevelopment.","volume":"135","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16131988","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiome and autism symptoms of ASD children supplemented with biological response modifier: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study.","volume":"16","author":"Hrnciarova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030792","article-title":"Composition of gut microbiota in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Iglesias-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0068-6","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis and yeast isolation in stool of subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorders.","volume":"182","author":"Iovene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01544-1","article-title":"Is there a dysbiosis in individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder compared to controls over the course of development? A systematic review.","volume":"30","author":"Jurek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111775","article-title":"Age-Dependent gut microbiome dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder and the role of key bacterial ratios.","volume":"17","author":"Kadiyska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42183-0","article-title":"Long-term benefit of microbiota transfer therapy on autism symptoms and gut microbiota.","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0225-7","article-title":"Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: An open-label study.","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00314-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00314-20","article-title":"Distinct fecal and plasma metabolites in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and their modulation after microbiota transfer therapy.","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11103","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11103","article-title":"The autistic-like behaviors development during weaning and sexual maturation in VPA-induced autistic-like rats is accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis.","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092128","article-title":"New and preliminary evidence on altered oral and gut microbiota in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Implications for ASD diagnosis and subtyping based on microbial biomarkers.","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04524-1","article-title":"Altered autonomic functions and gut microbiome in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Implications for assisting ASD screening and diagnosis.","volume":"51","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759435","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.759435","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation relieves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms by improving the gut microbiota in an open-label study.","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434675","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2434675","article-title":"Omic characterizing and targeting gut dysbiosis in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Symptom alleviation through combined probiotic and medium-carbohydrate diet intervention - a pilot study.","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318637","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1318637","article-title":"A comparison between children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders and healthy controls in biomedical factors, trace elements, and microbiota biomarkers: A meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-023-00069-x","article-title":"Fresh washed microbiota transplantation alters gut microbiota metabolites to ameliorate sleeping disorder symptom of autistic children.","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-337280","article-title":"Bacterial genomic structural variations in children with autism serve as diagnostic biomarkers.","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1854967","article-title":"Gene variations in Autism Spectrum Disorder are associated with alteration of gut microbiota, metabolites and cytokines.","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00040","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota in chinese children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.62641\/aep.v54i1.1986","article-title":"Dysbiosis in the family nucleus of children diagnosed with autism spectrumin Mexico City.","volume":"54","author":"Mendoza","year":"2026","journal-title":"Actas Esp. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2435","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities receiving enteral nutrition: A pilot study.","volume":"47","author":"Nakai","year":"2023","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358324","DOI":"10.1080\/29933935.2024.2358324","article-title":"Bimodal distribution of intestinal Candida in children with autism and its potential link with worse ASD symptoms.","volume":"1","author":"Nirmalkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes Rep."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13481","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113481","article-title":"Shotgun metagenomics study suggests alteration in sulfur metabolism and oxidative stress in children with autism and improvement after microbiota transfer therapy.","volume":"23","author":"Nirmalkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.04.007","article-title":"The infant microbiome and implications for central nervous system development.","volume":"171","author":"Parsons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0050324","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00503-24","article-title":"Precision synbiotics increase gut microbiome diversity and improve gastrointestinal symptoms in a pilot open-label study for Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"9","author":"Phan","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447822","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2447822","article-title":"Mouse strain-specific responses along the gut-brain axis upon fecal microbiota transplantation from children with autism.","volume":"17","author":"Prince","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-018-1176-2","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis in indian children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.","volume":"76","author":"Pulikkan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G217","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00101.2024","article-title":"Mapping the geographical distribution of the mucosa-associated gut microbiome in GI-symptomatic children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"327","author":"Reeves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16173004","article-title":"Analysis of gut bacterial and fungal microbiota in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their non-autistic siblings.","volume":"16","author":"Retuerto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2018119","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.18119","article-title":"Assessment of neonatal intensive care unit practices and preterm newborn gut microbiota and 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes.","volume":"3","author":"Roz\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210064","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210064","article-title":"Pilot study of probiotic\/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms.","volume":"14","author":"Sanctuary","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0887-5","article-title":"Gut to brain interaction in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A randomized controlled trial on the role of probiotics on clinical, biochemical and neurophysiological parameters.","volume":"16","author":"Santocchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020414","article-title":"In Vitro fermentation of edible mushrooms: Effects on faecal microbiota characteristics of autistic and neurotypical children.","volume":"11","author":"Saxami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05973-3","article-title":"Gut microbial \u2018TNF\u03b1-sphingolipids-steroid hormones\u2019 axis in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An insight from meta-omics analysis.","volume":"22","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.004","article-title":"Human gut microbiota from Autism Spectrum Disorder promote behavioral symptoms in mice.","volume":"177","author":"Sharon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.08.020","article-title":"Gut microbiota in children and adolescents with autism, ADHD and anorexia nervosa, and its link to the levels of satiety hormones.","volume":"585","author":"Soltysova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1930875","article-title":"Bacteroides-dominant gut microbiome of late infancy is associated with enhanced neurodevelopment.","volume":"13","author":"Tamana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799859","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1799859","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolome signatures in preterm infants with high versus low risk for neurodevelopmental impairment: A prospective, matched, longitudinal multi-omics study.","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2535430","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2025.2535430","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota composition and feeding behaviours in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A comparative pilot study.","volume":"52","author":"Toscano de Oliveira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010065","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for Autism Spectrum Disorder in children: Results from a prospective open-label controlled observational study.","volume":"62","author":"Varnas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101409","article-title":"Alterations in fecal virome and bacteriome virome interplay in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"5","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-324015","article-title":"Underdevelopment of the gut microbiota and bacteria species as non-invasive markers of prediction in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"71","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01844-x","article-title":"Gut microbiota and plasma cytokine levels in patients with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411089","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1411089","article-title":"FMT intervention decreases urine 5-HIAA levels: A randomized double-blind controlled study.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645137","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1645137","article-title":"Combined metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction in pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders.","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104784","article-title":"Probiotics and fructo-oligosaccharide intervention modulate the microbiota-gut brain axis to improve autism spectrum reducing also the hyper-serotonergic state and the dopamine metabolism disorder.","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20812","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20812","article-title":"Exploring the causal link between microbiota and tic disorders: A gene sequencing and Mendelian randomization approach.","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01343-0","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.01343-20","article-title":"Fecal microbiome transplantation from children with Autism Spectrum Disorder modulates tryptophan and serotonergic synapse metabolism and induces altered behaviors in germ-free mice.","volume":"6","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2718","article-title":"Alteration of the fecal microbiota in Chinese children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2024.01123","article-title":"Revealing the gut microbiome mystery: A meta-analysis revealing differences between individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and neurotypical children.","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19528","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19528","article-title":"Gut microbiota diversity and composition in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Associations with symptom severity.","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32219-2","article-title":"Analysis of gut microbiota profiles and microbe-disease associations in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in China.","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0025724","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00257-24","article-title":"Human-derived fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates social deficits of the BTBR mouse model of autism through a potential mechanism involving vitamin B6 metabolism.","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04543-y","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut fungal microbiota in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.","volume":"51","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2358","article-title":"Changes in the gut microbiota of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.","volume":"13","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1873864\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:37:52Z","timestamp":1785217072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1873864\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2026.1873864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1873864","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"article-number":"1873864"}}