{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:04:43Z","timestamp":1789538683792,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common gut\u2013brain interaction disorder with suboptimal response to pharmacotherapy. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), a non-invasive neuromodulation targeting the vagus nerve, has emerged as a promising brain\u2013gut axis therapy. This scoping review (PRISMA-ScR, JBI methodology) synthesizes clinical and preclinical mechanistic evidence on taVNS for FD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched up to December 20, 2025, following PRISMA-ScR. Using PICOS (adults with FD; taVNS; sham\/non-vagal\/active controls; symptoms, gastric function, psychological outcomes, biomarkers; RCTs\/clinical trials and controlled animal studies), two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed bias (RoB2 for RCTs, SYRCLE for animal studies). A narrative synthesis was performed due to heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four RCTs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 480) and eight preclinical rodent studies met inclusion. All RCTs showed significant improvements in dyspeptic symptoms, gastric accommodation, slow-wave normalization, and comorbid anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance versus sham\/non-vagal control, sustained for 4\u201312 weeks. Stimulation parameters varied (10\u201330 Hz; 0.5\u201310 mA; 2\u20134 weeks); risk of bias low-moderate. Preclinical rodent evidence supported five interconnected candidate mechanisms: (i) autonomic balance and cholinergic modulation; (ii) \u03b17nAChR\/NF-\u03baB anti-inflammatory pathway with duodenal barrier restoration; (iii) NGF\/TrkA\/PLC-\u03b3\/TRPV1-mediated visceral hypersensitivity suppression; (iv) HPA axis inhibition; (v) rebalancing of brain-gut peptides (motilin, CCK, GLP-1).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review characterizes taVNS as a safe, well-tolerated, mechanistically plausible non-invasive neuromodulation for FD acting on multiple brain\u2013gut axis nodes. However, the small number of trials, parameter heterogeneity, and limited follow-up constrain definitive conclusions. Adequately powered, multicenter RCTs with standardized protocols and long-term follow-up are needed to confirm efficacy and define optimal regimens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1876591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:31:27Z","timestamp":1789536687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation targets the brain-gut axis to treat functional dyspepsia: a scoping review of clinical evidence and mechanistic research"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuren","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jifei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shunyi Hospital, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework.","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. 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