{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:23:41Z","timestamp":1787639021934,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (pmTBI) constitutes 70\u201390% of childhood traumatic brain injury cases. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals subtle brain alterations, fragmented evidence across modalities limits understanding of long-term neurobiological consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review synthesized 42 studies from MEDLINE\/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus (inception to December 2025) employing structural MRI and functional MRI (fMRI). Methodological quality was assessed using a modified GRADE framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      White matter investigations (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f18) suggested widespread microstructural alterations in limbic and commissural pathways-alongside reduced global network efficiency and disrupted hub connectivity in executive and salience networks. Gray matter studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f9) identified regional cortical thinning in prefrontal and parietal regions, hippocampal atrophy persisting up to 1\u202fyear. Resting-state fMRI studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f5) revealed diminished default mode network (DMN) integrity and elevated striatal spontaneous activity. Task-based fMRI studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f10) demonstrated compensatory hyperactivation during working memory and inhibitory tasks-manifesting as enhanced preparatory activation but resource depletion during execution-alongside lower DMN deactivation and persistent cerebrovascular reactivity abnormalities extending to chronic phases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In sum, multimodal MRI provides evidence suggesting systematic structural and functional alterations in pmTBI encompassing white matter disruption, gray matter vulnerability, and network reorganization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1879109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:35:31Z","timestamp":1787636131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A systematic review of brain structural and functional alterations in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences (School of Information and Engineering), Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haocheng","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanjinghui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM-150347","article-title":"White matter alterations in youth with acute mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","author":"Babcock","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med."},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3971","article-title":"Chronic aspects of pediatric traumatic brain injury: review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Babikian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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