{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:04:16Z","timestamp":1790597056555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The assessment of brain function using PET imaging has recently gained increasing interest due to several technical advancements, including bolus+infusion radiotracer administration protocols combined with hybrid PET\/MR or high-sensitive PET\/CT scanners. Functional PET (fPET) enables imaging of stimulation-induced changes in glucose metabolism and neurotransmitter action in a single scan as well as computation of molecular connectivity represented by temporal associations of PET signals between brain regions. In addition to methodological considerations, this work aims to highlight key advantages, limitations and future challenges of fPET and applications in multimodal imaging. Regional increases in glucose metabolism largely correspond to those observed with BOLD fMRI across a range of cognitive tasks, whereas divergence within the default mode network during internally directed attention seems to reflect active inhibitory processes. Extensions to radioligands beyond [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]FDG demonstrated marked increases in dopamine and serotonin synthesis during reward processing, providing complementary insight into neurotransmitter action. Moreover, image reconstruction in the range of seconds facilitates extraction of moment-to-moment fluctuations in fPET signals for computation of molecular connectivity. The use of large axial field-of-view PET scanners for total-body imaging further enables inference on molecular interactions at the systems level. In sum, fPET imaging, particularly multimodal combinations, offers novel perspectives that cannot be obtained with either of these modalities alone. Future challenges include the detailed characterization of the relationships between neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling as well as the physiological underpinnings of rapid changes in fPET signals and the translation to clinical research settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1920555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:45:51Z","timestamp":1790595951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping dynamics in neuronal activation and molecular connectivity with functional PET"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray B.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Falb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matej","family":"Murga\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Milz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"T\u00fcchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godber M.","family":"Godbersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"Lanzenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271678X261427944","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X261427944","article-title":"Recent advances in PET measures of brain 5-HT release","author":"Agnorelli","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-025-01269-9","article-title":"(18)F-FDG dose reduction using deep learning-based PET reconstruction","volume":"15","author":"Akita","year":"2025","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.125.270382","article-title":"Optimizing dose reduction of (18)F-FDG in oncology PET\/CT: exploring strategies to minimize radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic efficacy","volume":"53","author":"Al Sawafi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Technol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09613","article-title":"Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow","volume":"468","author":"Attwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02264-6","article-title":"The neural basis of functional brain imaging signals","volume":"25","author":"Attwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200110000-00001","article-title":"An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain","volume":"21","author":"Attwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(97)00031-2","article-title":"Biological imaging and the molecular basis of dopaminergic diseases","volume":"54","author":"Barrio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-018-1287-7","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of dynamic cardiac metabolism and function using PET\/MRI","volume":"26","author":"Barton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28347","article-title":"Comparison of BOLD and CBV using 3D EPI and 3D GRASE for cortical layer functional MRI at 7 T","volume":"84","author":"Beckett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Directed cortical connectivity inferred from neural energy metabolism","author":"Belenya","year":"2026","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911855107","article-title":"Toward discovery science of human brain function","volume":"107","author":"Biswal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340409","article-title":"Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI","volume":"34","author":"Biswal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.011","article-title":"The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease","volume":"1124","author":"Buckner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64414-x","article-title":"Simultaneous EEG-PET-MRI identifies temporally coupled and spatially structured brain dynamics across wakefulness and NREM sleep","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200001000-00002","article-title":"Alpha[C-11]methyl-L-tryptophan PET maps brain serotonin synthesis and kynurenine pathway metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Chugani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cerebr Blood F Met"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.12.054","article-title":"Task activations produce spurious but systematic inflation of task functional connectivity estimates","volume":"189","author":"Cole","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/IMAG.a.110","article-title":"On the analysis of functional PET (fPET)-FDG: baseline mischaracterization can introduce artifactual metabolic (de)activations","volume":"3","author":"Coursey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Imaging Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaf075","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf075","article-title":"Metabolic connectivity has greater predictive utility for age and cognition than functional connectivity","volume":"7","author":"Deery","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2510850123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2510850123","article-title":"Brain glucodynamic variability is an essential feature of the metabolism-cognition relationship","volume":"123","author":"Deery","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07223-0","article-title":"Reconfiguration of metabolic connectivity in ageing","volume":"7","author":"Deery","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.10223","article-title":"Positron-labeled DOPA analogs to image dopamine terminals","volume":"59","author":"DeJesus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199807)29:3<225::AID-SYN4>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"6-[F-18]fluoro-L-DOPA PET studies of the turnover of dopamine in MPTP-induced parkinsonism in monkeys","volume":"29","author":"Doudet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.124.268809","article-title":"PET imaging of the human brain with microvolumetric spatial resolution","volume":"66","author":"Doyon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122163","article-title":"Evaluation of signal enhancement techniques for motion correction for high temporal resolution functional PET","volume":"339","author":"Falb","year":"2026","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X19900034","article-title":"Imaging mitochondrial complex I activation during a vibrotactile stimulation: a PET study using [(18)F]BCPP-EF in the conscious monkey brain","volume":"40","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.4.1140","article-title":"Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects","volume":"83","author":"Fox","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2201","article-title":"Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"8","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3260686","article-title":"Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal physiologic neural activity","volume":"241","author":"Fox","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504136102","article-title":"The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks","volume":"102","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22897","article-title":"Comparison of continuously acquired resting state and extracted analogues from active tasks","volume":"36","author":"Ganger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2025.100881","article-title":"The metabolic organ connectome: a novel approach to measure allostatic load during health-to-disease transition","volume":"6","author":"Geist","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200007)44:1<162::AID-MRM23>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Image-based method for retrospective correction of physiological motion effects in fMRI: RETROICOR","volume":"44","author":"Glover","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06675-0","article-title":"Non-invasive assessment of stimulation-specific changes in cerebral glucose metabolism with functional PET","volume":"51","author":"Godbersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84683","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84683","article-title":"Task-evoked metabolic demands of the posteromedial default mode network are shaped by dorsal attention and frontoparietal control networks","volume":"12","author":"Godbersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.055","article-title":"Regional excitation-inhibition balance predicts default-mode network deactivation via functional connectivity","volume":"185","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadn2776","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn2776","article-title":"Functional PET\/MRI reveals active inhibition of neuronal activity during optogenetic activation of the nigrostriatal pathway","volume":"10","author":"Haas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52443","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52443","article-title":"Reconfiguration of functional brain networks and metabolic cost converge during task performance","volume":"9","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271678X261455750","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X261455750","article-title":"[(18)F]FDG functional PET revisited: a new perspective on the temporal dynamics of brain glucose metabolism","author":"Hahn","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.176156","article-title":"Quantification of task-specific glucose metabolism with constant infusion of 18F-FDG","volume":"57","author":"Hahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14482","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2409-10.2010","article-title":"Escitalopram enhances the association of serotonin-1A autoreceptors to heteroreceptors in anxiety disorders","volume":"30","author":"Hahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X251370831","article-title":"A unified approach for identifying PET-based neuronal activation and molecular connectivity with the functional PET toolbox","volume":"46","author":"Hahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02696-1","article-title":"Dynamics of human serotonin synthesis differentially link to reward anticipation and feedback","volume":"30","author":"Hahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211019827","article-title":"Functional dynamics of dopamine synthesis during monetary reward and punishment processing","volume":"41","author":"Hahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-023-06542-4","article-title":"High-temporal resolution functional PET\/MRI reveals coupling between human metabolic and hemodynamic brain response","volume":"51","author":"Hahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1979.tb05239.x","article-title":"The role of intraneuronal 5-HT and of tryptophan hydroxylase activation in the control of 5-HT synthesis in rat brain slices incubated in K+-enriched medium","volume":"33","author":"Hamon","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.08.019","article-title":"Synaptic energy use and supply","volume":"75","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01277655","article-title":"Amphetamine effects on dopamine release and synthesis rate studied in the Rhesus monkey brain by positron emission tomography","volume":"104","author":"Hartvig","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn730","article-title":"What does fMRI tell us about neuronal activity?","volume":"3","author":"Heeger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28456-x","article-title":"Functional PET for mapping metabolic dynamics in Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Heinecke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf165","article-title":"Mapping of neurovascular and neurometabolic couplings by multimodal optical imaging","volume":"35","author":"Herman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1984.73","article-title":"Intercorrelations of glucose metabolic rates between brain regions: application to healthy males in a state of reduced sensory input","volume":"4","author":"Horwitz","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)00139-7","article-title":"Network analysis of brain cognitive function using metabolic and blood flow data","volume":"66","author":"Horwitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18566","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1973-13.2013","article-title":"Resting-state glutamate and GABA concentrations predict task-induced deactivation in the default mode network","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","article-title":"The neurovascular unit coming of age: a journey through neurovascular coupling in health and disease","volume":"96","author":"Iadecola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giac031","article-title":"Monash DaCRA fPET-fMRI: a dataset for comparison of radiotracer administration for high temporal resolution functional FDG-PET","volume":"11","author":"Jamadar","year":"2022","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00699-5","article-title":"Simultaneous BOLD-fMRI and constant infusion FDG-PET data of the resting human brain","volume":"7","author":"Jamadar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.003","article-title":"Simultaneous task-based BOLD-fMRI and [18-F] FDG functional PET for measurement of neuronal metabolism in the human visual cortex","volume":"189","author":"Jamadar","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa393","article-title":"Metabolic and hemodynamic resting-state connectivity of the human brain: a high-temporal resolution simultaneous BOLD-fMRI and FDG-fPET multimodality study","volume":"31","author":"Jamadar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01250564","article-title":"Interaction of haloperidol and gamma-butyrolactone with (+)-amphetamine-induced changes in monoamine synthesis and metabolism in rat brain","volume":"40","author":"Kehr","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(03)00047-2","article-title":"Imaging methods for evaluating brain function in man","volume":"24","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15622047","article-title":"Ultra-fast magnetic resonance encephalography of physiological brain activity - Glymphatic pulsation mechanisms?","volume":"36","author":"Kiviniemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03362-4","article-title":"Learning induces coordinated neuronal plasticity of metabolic demands and functional brain networks","volume":"5","author":"Klug","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120658","article-title":"Synaptic signaling modeled by functional connectivity predicts metabolic demands of the human brain","volume":"295","author":"Klug","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X21989186","article-title":"Metabolic underpinnings of activated and deactivated cortical areas in human brain","volume":"41","author":"Koush","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1078-62","article-title":"Brain function and blood flow","volume":"239","author":"Lassen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5626-10.2011","article-title":"Fractionating the default mode network: distinct contributions of the ventral and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex to cognitive control","volume":"31","author":"Leech","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt162","article-title":"The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease","volume":"137","author":"Leech","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13143","article-title":"Neurometabolic coupling between neural activity, glucose, and lactate in activated visual cortex","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116720","article-title":"Analysis of continuous infusion functional PET (fPET) in the human brain","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.125.271350","article-title":"Performance evaluation of SmartBrain: a wearable PET system for human brain imaging","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06976","article-title":"What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI","volume":"453","author":"Logothetis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6807","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7807","article-title":"Direct neuronal glucose uptake heralds activity-dependent increases in cerebral metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Lundgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.125.271514","article-title":"Network-based analysis for the quantification of brain and body immune axes with Total-body PET imaging","volume":"67","author":"Maccioni","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03497-0","article-title":"Coupling of activity, metabolism and behaviour across the Drosophila brain","volume":"593","author":"Mann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00655.1994","article-title":"Network analysis of cortical visual pathways mapped with PET","volume":"14","author":"McIntosh","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.001","article-title":"Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function","volume":"36","author":"Mergenthaler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7471515\/v1","article-title":"NEMA NU2 2018 performance evaluation of the NeuroLF 10mm version \"basic\" brain PET scanner","author":"Mikhaylova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Sq."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6859","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111164398","article-title":"Blood flow and oxygen delivery to human brain during functional activity: theoretical modeling and experimental data","volume":"98","author":"Mintun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4428","article-title":"Astrocytes mediate neurovascular signaling to capillary pericytes but not to arterioles","volume":"19","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.11.4283","article-title":"Tyrosine hydroxylase: activation by nerve stimulation","volume":"71","author":"Morgenroth","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.124.267494","article-title":"Modeling PET data acquired during nonsteady conditions: what if brain conditions change during the scan?","volume":"65","author":"Morris","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02987832","article-title":"Double-injection FDG method to measure cerebral glucose metabolism twice in a single procedure","volume":"15","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20587","article-title":"Principles of magnetic resonance assessment of brain function","volume":"23","author":"Norris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9868","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation","volume":"87","author":"Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13122026","article-title":"Functional PET neuroimaging in consciousness evaluation: study protocol","volume":"13","author":"Paunet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx294","article-title":"Amyloid network topology characterizes the progression of Alzheimer's disease during the predementia stages","volume":"28","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6970412","article-title":"Metabolic mapping of the brain's response to visual stimulation: studies in humans","volume":"211","author":"Phelps","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511895029","volume-title":"Handbook of Functional MRI Data Analysis","author":"Poldrack","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.261972","article-title":"Performance characteristics of the biograph vision Quadra PET\/CT system with a long axial field of view using the NEMA NU 2-2018 standard","volume":"63","author":"Prenosil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122035","article-title":"Cerebral glucose utilisation during musical emotions: a multimodal functional PET\/MRI study","volume":"338","author":"Putkinen","year":"2026","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.11.001","article-title":"A brief history of human brain mapping","volume":"32","author":"Raichle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-025-07357-1","article-title":"Connecting the dots: approaching a standardized nomenclature for molecular connectivity in positron emission tomography","volume":"53","author":"Reed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.17.694867","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of molecular connectivity and covariance approaches","author":"Reed","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271678X261431043","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X261431043","article-title":"High-temporal resolution metabolic connectivity resolved by component-based noise correction","author":"Reed","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref97","volume-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging","author":"Reed","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X251325668","article-title":"Optimal filtering strategies for task-specific functional PET imaging","volume":"45","author":"Reed","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120030","article-title":"Whole-body metabolic connectivity framework with functional PET","volume":"271","author":"Reed","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1513752113","article-title":"Metabolic connectivity mapping reveals effective connectivity in the resting human brain","volume":"113","author":"Riedl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211020589","article-title":"Reliability of task-specific neuronal activation assessed with functional PET, ASL and BOLD imaging","volume":"41","author":"Rischka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.06.079","article-title":"Reduced task durations in functional PET imaging with [(18)F]FDG approaching that of functional MRI","volume":"181","author":"Rischka","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.07.003","article-title":"Simultaneous measurements of glucose, oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin in exposed rat cortex","volume":"202","author":"Roche","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10649.x","article-title":"The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat","volume":"28","author":"Sokoloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021913118","article-title":"Dissociations between glucose metabolism and blood oxygenation in the human default mode network revealed by simultaneous PET-fMRI","volume":"118","author":"Stiernman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1331-22.2023","article-title":"Widespread fMRI BOLD signal Overactivations during cognitive control in older adults are not matched by corresponding increases in fPET glucose metabolism","volume":"43","author":"Stiernman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537440","DOI":"10.3389\/fnimg.2025.1537440","article-title":"Imaging joy with generalized slice dithered enhanced resolution and SWAT reconstruction: 3T high spatial-temporal resolution fMRI","volume":"4","author":"Townsend","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-09181-7","article-title":"Brain metabolic-functional (de)coupling from health to glioma dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Vallini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121854","article-title":"Task-evoked brain network architecture captured by the complementary integration of metabolic and functional connectivity","volume":"330","author":"Vallini","year":"2026","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06956-8","article-title":"Individual-level metabolic connectivity from dynamic [(18)F]FDG PET reveals glioma-induced impairments in brain architecture and offers novel insights beyond the SUVR clinical standard","volume":"52","author":"Vallini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-025-07690-5","article-title":"Eagle eyes on the human brain and beyond: PET at ultra-high spatial resolution","volume":"53","author":"Van Laere","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4165-2","article-title":"The renaissance of functional (18)F-FDG PET brain activation imaging","volume":"45","author":"Verger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39005-8","article-title":"Covariance statistics and network analysis of brain PET imaging studies","volume":"9","author":"Veronese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.06.025","article-title":"Dynamic functional imaging of brain glucose utilization using fPET-FDG","volume":"100","author":"Villien","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-010-1663-2","article-title":"Measuring serotonin synthesis: from conventional methods to PET tracers and their (pre)clinical implications","volume":"38","author":"Visser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.065","article-title":"Human brain glucose metabolism may evolve during activation: findings from a modified FDG PET paradigm","volume":"33","author":"Vlassenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.07.048","article-title":"Cytology and functionally correlated circuits of human posterior cingulate areas","volume":"29","author":"Vogt","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-025-07605-4","article-title":"Exceptional brain PET images from the NeuroEXPLORER: scans with targeted radiopharmaceuticals and comparison to HRRT","volume":"53","author":"Volpi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X231184365","article-title":"A new framework for metabolic connectivity mapping using bolus [(18)F]FDG PET and kinetic modeling","volume":"43","author":"Volpi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021120603457","article-title":"Acute and chronic D-fenfluramine treatments have different effects on serotonin synthesis rates in the rat brain: an autoradiographic study","volume":"24","author":"Yamane","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17708691","article-title":"Evaluating the gray and white matter energy budgets of human brain function","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917379117","article-title":"Subsecond total-body imaging using ultrasensitive positron emission tomography","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4492","article-title":"[(18)F]FDG PET signal is driven by astroglial glutamate transport","volume":"20","author":"Zimmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1920555\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:45:52Z","timestamp":1790595952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1920555\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2026.1920555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1920555","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"article-number":"1920555"}}