{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:55:45Z","timestamp":1790920545564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although propofol-induced anesthesia is known to suppress consciousness by promoting low-frequency frontal oscillations through thalamocortical circuits, a comprehensive understanding of its whole-brain coupling feature set remains elusive. Specifically, the global reorganization of nonlinear cross-frequency coupling remains poorly characterized due to analytical limitations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 64-channel EEG data from 17 participants across five states (awake and target propofol concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mcg\/ml, defined as States 1 to 5). After computing time-frequency representation (TFR) and bicoherence, Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) was used to extract unbiased spatio-spectral components from both linear and nonlinear measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PARAFAC decomposition isolated distinct linear and nonlinear neurodynamic components driving the anesthetic transition. While linear spectral features and signal complexity transitioned in a gradual, monotonic manner. PARAFAC tensor decomposition of high-dimensional whole-brain bicoherence identified two robust, intrinsically decoupled nonlinear components with distinct spatial-spectral profiles. Model comparison demonstrated that frontal slow-wave self-coupling (Component 1) undergoes a discrete, stepwise state-space reconfiguration during loss of consciousness, whereas posterior alpha coupling (Component 2) exhibits a smooth, continuous decay with propofol titration. Phase-space kinetic trajectories confirmed a highly directed transition at unconsciousness onset, followed by confined local oscillations during deep anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multi-dimensional decomposition framework captures discrete versus continuous neural dynamics, providing objective, state-sensitive biomarkers for precisely monitoring anesthesia depth and cortical state transitions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1950745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:37:53Z","timestamp":1790919473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tensor decomposition reveals discrete cortical reorganization under graded propofol anesthesia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Chuan-Di","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou-Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie-Lu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie-Chun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Fan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo-Yu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Qi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo-Ying","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59004-8","article-title":"Detection of quadratic phase coupling by cross-bicoherence and spectral granger causality in bifrequencies interactions","volume":"14","author":"Abe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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