{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T10:55:09Z","timestamp":1791370509935,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often causes persistent balance and gait deficits, especially in mild-to-moderate TBI (mmTBI). Physical therapy is standard but often limited as a standalone treatment. Translingual neural stimulation (TLNS) is an emerging neuromodulation approach combining cranial nerve stimulation with targeted exercise to promote neuroplasticity and recovery. Its effects on cortical surface morphometry in mmTBI remain uninvestigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This secondary analysis used data from a completed clinical trial (NCT02158494). Nine chronic mmTBI patients underwent a two-week intervention combining TLNS (PoNS\u00ae) with targeted exercise training; no untreated, physical-therapy-only, or sham group was included. Balance and gait were assessed via the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) before and after the two-week in-lab phase. High-resolution T1-weighted MRI was acquired at both time points. Cortical thickness (CT), fractal dimensionality (FD), gyrification index (GI), and sulcal depth (SD) were analyzed using CAT12 with non-parametric permutation testing and TFCE correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SOT and DGI scores improved significantly; due to the single-group design, these pre\u2013post changes cannot be attributed to TLNS, physical therapy, or their combination. Widespread pre-post CT increases occurred in bilateral frontal, temporal, parietal, and cingulate regions. FD showed increases (precuneus, insula, and superior frontal gyrus) and decreases (lateral occipital, inferior temporal gyri). GI decreased in the left lingual gyrus; SD showed bidirectional changes. Exploratory correlations linked greater behavioral gains with smaller CT increases in right inferior temporal gyrus and right superior parietal lobule, and smaller FD increases in left precuneus; these were underpowered (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f9), uncorrected, and hypothesis-generating only. Morphometric changes in either direction cannot be assumed to reflect beneficial neuroplasticity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this exploratory, single-group pilot study, cortical surface morphometric changes accompanied balance and gait improvements after combined TLNS plus physical therapy in mm TBI. Without a control group, causality cannot be determined. Findings are preliminary and support randomized, sham-controlled trials, ideally with a physical-therapy-only arm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1975764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T10:39:37Z","timestamp":1791369577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cortical surface morphometry changes following combined translingual neural stimulation with the portable neuromodulation stimulator and physical therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Cross-Straits Cultural Development, Fujian Normal University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veena A.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Danilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Meyerand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2024.0091","article-title":"Correlations between Morpho-structural properties of the brain and cognitive and motor deficits in individuals with traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Alivar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23469","article-title":"An analysis of entorhinal cortex projections to the dentate gyrus, hippocampus, and subiculum of the neonatal macaque monkey","volume":"522","author":"Amaral","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.06.009","article-title":"The role of the parahippocampal cortex in cognition","volume":"17","author":"Aminoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn196","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of musicianship as revealed by cortical thickness and voxel-based morphometry","volume":"19","author":"Bermudez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00431","article-title":"Role of the parahippocampal cortex in memory for the configuration but not the identity of objects: converging evidence from patients with selective thermal lesions and fMRI","volume":"9","author":"Bohbot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.046","article-title":"Characterization of the temporo-parietal junction by combining data-driven parcellation, complementary connectivity analyses, and functional decoding","volume":"81","author":"Bzdok","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521679","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1521679","article-title":"Brain cortical complexity alteration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a preliminary fractal dimensionality study","volume":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00567.2015","article-title":"Neurochemical changes in the pericalcarine cortex in congenital blindness attributable to bilateral anophthalmia","volume":"114","author":"Coullon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.050","article-title":"Cortical thickness and central surface estimation","volume":"65","author":"Dahnke","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Brain Neurotrauma: Molecular, Neuropsychological, and Rehabilitation Aspects","author":"Danilov","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsp048","article-title":"An fMRI investigation of the cultural specificity of music memory","volume":"5","author":"Demorest","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858413513928","article-title":"Fractals in the neurosciences, part II: clinical applications and future perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Di Ieva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858413513927","article-title":"Fractals in the neurosciences, part I: general principles and basic neurosciences","volume":"20","author":"Di Ieva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63622-5.00006-1","article-title":"The parietal lobe and the vestibular system","volume":"151","author":"Dieterich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1598","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715766115","article-title":"Heterogeneity within the frontoparietal control network and its relationship to the default and dorsal attention networks","volume":"115","author":"Dixon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3300-16.2017","article-title":"The lateral occipital cortex is selective for object shape, not texture\/color, at six months","volume":"37","author":"Emberson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.057","article-title":"Fractal dimension and white matter changes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Esteban","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00428","article-title":"Comparing CAT12 and VBM8 for detecting brain morphological abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"Farokhian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30766-x","article-title":"Neural correlates of gait adaptation in younger and older adults","volume":"13","author":"Fettrow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3280107bee","article-title":"Neural correlates of absolute pitch differ between blind and sighted musicians","volume":"17","author":"Gaab","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9240","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-27-09240.2003","article-title":"Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians","volume":"23","author":"Gaser","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2011.7.4.184","article-title":"Vestibular rehabilitation therapy: review of indications, mechanisms, and key exercises","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2016.1144772","article-title":"FKBP5 is associated with amygdala volume in the human brain and mood state: a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study","volume":"20","author":"Hirakawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.13029","article-title":"Translingual neural stimulation affects resting-state functional connectivity in mild-moderate traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.07.016","article-title":"Sulcal morphology changes and their relationship with cortical thickness and gyral white matter volume in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"43","author":"Im","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa118","article-title":"Regional associations of cortical thickness with gait variability-the Tasmanian study of cognition and gait","volume":"75","author":"Jayakody","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00339","article-title":"Relationship between sulcal characteristics and brain aging","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-008-0140-9","article-title":"Assessment of cerebral glucose metabolism in cat deafness model: strategies for improving the voxel-based statistical analysis for animal PET studies","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20198","article-title":"Age-related morphology trends of cortical sulci","volume":"26","author":"Kochunov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20369","article-title":"Relationship among neuroimaging indices of cerebral health during normal aging","volume":"29","author":"Kochunov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.014","article-title":"A 12-step user guide for analyzing voxel-wise gray matter asymmetries in statistical parametric mapping (SPM)","volume":"10","author":"Kurth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.013","article-title":"Normal age-related brain morphometric changes: nonuniformity across cortical thickness, surface area and gray matter volume?","volume":"33","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118018","article-title":"Surface-based single-subject morphological brain networks: effects of morphological index, brain parcellation and similarity measure, sample size-varying stability and test-retest reliability","volume":"235","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21500","article-title":"Enhanced cortical connectivity in absolute pitch musicians: a model for local hyperconnectivity","volume":"23","author":"Loui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.08.049","article-title":"A curvature-based approach to estimate local gyrification on the cortical surface","volume":"29","author":"Luders","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.10.023","article-title":"Age-related differences in the structural complexity of subcortical and ventricular structures","volume":"50","author":"Madan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CP1","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.03.0038","article-title":"VA\/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of concussion\/mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"46","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617712001506","article-title":"Impairments in social cognition following severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"McDonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.16.030193.001333","article-title":"Inferior temporal cortex: where visual perception meets memory","volume":"16","author":"Miyashita","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.06.012","article-title":"Balance problems after traumatic brain injury","volume":"96","author":"Peterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00031","article-title":"The vestibular system: a spatial reference for bodily self-consciousness","volume":"8","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-01-00339.2003","article-title":"The receptive fields of inferior temporal cortex neurons in natural scenes","volume":"23","author":"Rolls","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.006","article-title":"Separate cortical networks involved in music perception: preliminary functional MRI evidence for modularity of music processing","volume":"25","author":"Schmithorst","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21060","article-title":"Neuroarchitecture of verbal and tonal working memory in nonmusicians and musicians","volume":"32","author":"Schulze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12521","article-title":"Cortical thickness estimations of FreeSurfer and the CAT12 toolbox in patients with Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls","volume":"28","author":"Seiger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.10.006","article-title":"DISC1 (disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1) is associated with cortical grey matter volumes in the human brain: a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study","volume":"47","author":"Trost","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100026","article-title":"Translingual neurostimulation for the treatment of chronic symptoms due to mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury","volume":"1","author":"Tyler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23488","article-title":"Correspondent functional topography of the human left inferior parietal lobule at rest and under task revealed using resting-state fMRI and coactivation based parcellation","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359594","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1359594","article-title":"Interoceptive posture awareness and accuracy: a novel photographic strategy towards making posture actionable","volume":"18","author":"Weiniger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-010-9099-7","article-title":"Sustained cortical and subcortical neuromodulation induced by electrical tongue stimulation","volume":"4","author":"Wildenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0029","article-title":"Electrical tongue stimulation normalizes activity within the motion-sensitive brain network in balance-impaired subjects as revealed by group independent component analysis","volume":"1","author":"Wildenberg","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.03.074","article-title":"High-resolution fMRI detects neuromodulation of individual brainstem nuclei by electrical tongue stimulation in balance-impaired individuals","volume":"56","author":"Wildenberg","year":"","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0123","article-title":"Altered connectivity of the balance processing network after tongue stimulation in balance-impaired individuals","volume":"3","author":"Wildenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21095","article-title":"Topological correction of brain surface meshes using spherical harmonics","volume":"32","author":"Yotter","year":"","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.007","article-title":"Local cortical surface complexity maps from spherical harmonic reconstructions","volume":"56","author":"Yotter","year":"","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2010.00484.x","article-title":"Algorithms to improve the reparameterization of spherical mappings of brain surface meshes","volume":"21","author":"Yotter","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1919-8","article-title":"Longitudinal brain volume changes in major depressive disorder","volume":"125","author":"Yuksel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55977","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055977","article-title":"Automated sulcal depth measurement on cortical surface reflecting geometrical properties of sulci","volume":"8","author":"Yun","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.02.002","article-title":"Structural connectivity changes within the basal ganglia after 8 weeks of sensory-motor training in individuals with chronic stroke","volume":"62","author":"Zastron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.06.008","article-title":"Fractal dimension assessment of brain white matter structural complexity post stroke in relation to upper-extremity motor function","volume":"1228","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2013.0191","article-title":"Functional clustering of the human inferior parietal lobule by whole-brain connectivity mapping of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signals","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00225","article-title":"Cortical surface thickness in the middle-aged brain with white matter hyperintense lesions","volume":"9","author":"Zhuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.032","article-title":"Meta-analytical definition and functional connectivity of the human vestibular cortex","volume":"60","author":"zu Eulenburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1975764\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T10:39:38Z","timestamp":1791369578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1975764\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2026.1975764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1975764","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"1975764"}}