{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T14:51:47Z","timestamp":1793631107738,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Integr. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vibrational energy created at the larynx during speech will deflect vestibular mechanoreceptors in humans (<jats:xref>Todd et al., 2008<\/jats:xref>; <jats:xref>Curthoys, 2017<\/jats:xref>; <jats:xref>Curthoys et al., 2019<\/jats:xref>). Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP), an indirect measure of vestibular function, was assessed in 15 participants who stutter, with a non-stutter control group of 15 participants paired on age and sex. VEMP amplitude was 8.5 dB smaller in the stutter group than the non-stutter group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.035, 95% CI [\u22120.9, \u221216.1], <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = \u22122.1, d = \u22120.8, conditional <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.88). The finding is subclinical as regards gravitoinertial function, and is interpreted with regard to speech-motor function in stuttering. There is overlap between brain areas receiving vestibular innervation, and brain areas identified as important in studies of persistent developmental stuttering. These include the auditory brainstem, cerebellar vermis, and the temporo-parietal junction. The finding supports the disruptive rhythm hypothesis (<jats:xref>Howell et al., 1983<\/jats:xref>; <jats:xref>Howell, 2004<\/jats:xref>) in which sensory inputs additional to own speech audition are fluency-enhancing when they coordinate with ongoing speech.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2021.662127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T02:14:23Z","timestamp":1630721663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Weak Vestibular Response in Persistent Developmental Stuttering"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Max","family":"Gattie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena V. M.","family":"Lieven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Kluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2011.2159734","article-title":"Low frequency dielectric properties of human blood.","volume":"10","author":"Abdalla","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. NanoBiosci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2004.03.001","article-title":"Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: a critical review of possible relations.","volume":"37","author":"Alm","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2005.12.001","article-title":"Stuttering and sensory gating: a study of acoustic startle prepulse inhibition.","volume":"97","author":"Alm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076824","article-title":"Hemispheric lateralization of motor thresholds in relation to stuttering.","volume":"8","author":"Alm","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2006.04.001","article-title":"Stuttering in adults: the acoustic startle response, temperamental traits, and biological factors.","volume":"40","author":"Alm","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730x(88)90047-2","article-title":"Central auditory processing abilities of adolescent and preadolescent stuttering and nonstuttering children.","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-016-0566-8","article-title":"The cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) recorded along the sternocleidomastoid muscles during head rotation and flexion in normal human subjects.","volume":"17","author":"Ashford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.0404.371","article-title":"Studies in the psychology of stuttering: XV. Chorus reading as a distraction in stuttering.","volume":"4","author":"Barber","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. Speech Disord."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.0501.29","article-title":"Studies in the psychology of stuttering: rhythm as a distraction in stuttering.","volume":"5","author":"Barber","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Speech Disord."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: keep it maximal.","volume":"68","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"87","article-title":"The effect of the fatty tissue on EMG signal in young women.","volume":"12","author":"Bartuzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"B12","author":"Bates","year":"2009","journal-title":"lme4: Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using S4 Classes."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Statist. Softw."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.277","article-title":"Auditory evoked fields to vocalization during passive listening and active generation in adults who stutter.","volume":"52","author":"Beal","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.026","article-title":"Speech-induced suppression of evoked auditory fields in children who stutter.","volume":"54","author":"Beal","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906501","article-title":"The structure of the middle ear and the hearing of one\u2019s own voice by bone conduction.","volume":"21","author":"B\u00e9k\u00e9sy","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12765","article-title":"Stuttering as a trait or state - an ALE meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.","volume":"41","author":"Belyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-408088-1.00015-4","article-title":"Functional development of the vestibular system: sensorimotor pathways for stabilization of gaze and posture.","volume":"15","author":"Beraneck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Audit. Vestibular Syst."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01007612","article-title":"Dielectric properties of human blood and erythrocytes at radio frequencies (0.2-10 MHz); dependence on cell volume fraction and medium composition.","volume":"23","author":"Beving","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1964.tb26749.x","article-title":"Nature of averaged evoked potentials to sound and other stimuli in man.","volume":"112","author":"Bickford","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann. NY. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5001.66","article-title":"Laterality differences in child stutterers: heterogeneity, severity levels, and statistical treatments.","volume":"50","author":"Blood","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Speech Hearing Disord."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1984.59.3.699","article-title":"Central auditory function in young stutterers.","volume":"59","author":"Blood","year":"1984","journal-title":"Percept. Motor Skills"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730x(87)90018-0","article-title":"The development of ear preferences in stuttering and nonstuttering children: a longitudinal study.","volume":"12","author":"Blood","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Fluency Disord."},{"key":"B24","author":"Bloodstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"A Handbook on Stuttering"},{"key":"B25","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recommended Procedure: Cervical and Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20140","article-title":"Stuttered and fluent speech production: An ALE meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies.","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapping"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1975.tb00009.x","article-title":"Auditory thresholds and the effect of reduced auditory feedback of suttering.","volume":"51","author":"Brown","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.10.002","article-title":"Stuttering, induced fluency, and natural fluency: a hierarchical series of activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses.","volume":"139","author":"Budde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2020.104774","article-title":"Effect of muscular activation on surrounding motor networks in developmental stuttering: A TMS study.","volume":"205","author":"Busan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012547626-3\/50034-X","article-title":"Vestibular system","author":"B\u00fcttner-Ennever","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Human Nervous System"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041830","article-title":"Weak responses to auditory feedback perturbation during articulation in persons who stutter: evidence for abnormal auditory-motor transformation.","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.01.020","article-title":"Measuring neck structures in relation to vestibular evoked myogenic potentials.","volume":"118","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(56)90001-0","article-title":"Experiments upon the total inhibition of stammering by external control, and some clinical results.","volume":"1","author":"Cherry","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730x(83)90022-0","article-title":"Dichotic speech perception: a comparison between stuttering and nonstuttering children.","volume":"8","author":"Cimorell-Strong","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Fluency Disord."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.04.337","article-title":"Two distinct patterns of VEMP changes with age.","volume":"124","author":"Colebatch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.06.012","article-title":"Motor unit excitability changes mediating vestibulocollic reflexes in the sternocleidomastoid muscle.","volume":"115","author":"Colebatch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-140534","article-title":"The role of the thalamus in the human subcortical vestibular system.","volume":"24","author":"Conrad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vestibular Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000180969.03719.81","article-title":"Abnormal speech sound representation in persistent developmental stuttering.","volume":"65","author":"Corbera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00489","article-title":"Animal models of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: the past, present, and future.","volume":"9","author":"Corneil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5502.290","article-title":"An investigation into the relationship between anxiety and stuttering.","volume":"55","author":"Craig","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Speech Hearing Disord."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/093)","article-title":"Anxiety levels in people who stutter: a randomized population study.","volume":"46","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hearing Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2168-975X.1000199","article-title":"Auditory processing of speech and non-speech stimuli in children who stutter: electrophysiological evidences.","volume":"4","author":"Crivellaro Goncalves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Disord. Ther."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.05.028","article-title":"Influence of emotional states on inhibitory gating: animals models to clinical neurophysiology.","volume":"276","author":"Cromwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-4874-y","article-title":"The new vestibular stimuli: sound and vibration-anatomical, physiological and clinical evidence.","volume":"235","author":"Curthoys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00031.2019","article-title":"A review of mechanical and synaptic processes in otolith transduction of sound and vibration for clinical VEMP testing.","volume":"122","author":"Curthoys","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48289.x","article-title":"Roles of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex. Possible relevance to PTSD.","volume":"821","author":"Davis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00197.2019","article-title":"Enhancing research quality of studies on VEMPs in central neurological disorders: a scoping review.","volume":"122","author":"Deriu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02760185","article-title":"Perception of the emotional component of speech by stuttering children against the background of noise: I. analysis of the efficiency of the identification of various emotions.","volume":"26","author":"Dmitrieva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Physiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/061)","article-title":"The influence of stuttering severity on acoustic startle responses.","volume":"51","author":"Ellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hearing Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.02.003","article-title":"The relationship between anxiety and stuttering: a multidimensional approach.","volume":"29","author":"Ezrati-Vinacour","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Fluenc. Disord."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otorri.2013.05.006","article-title":"Vestibular evoked myogenic potential findings in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"64","author":"Escorihuela Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Otorrinolaringol. Espanola"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2017.03.007","article-title":"A systematic literature review of neuroimaging research on developmental stuttering between 1995 and 2016.","volume":"55","author":"Etchell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fluency Disord."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.08.013","article-title":"Hearing suppression induced by electrical stimulation of human auditory cortex.","volume":"1118","author":"Fenoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2020.1736018","article-title":"Vestibular cognition: state-of-the-art and future directions.","volume":"124","author":"Ferr\u00e8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008045046-9.01973-2","article-title":"Startle response","author":"Fetcho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Neuroscience"},{"key":"B56","article-title":"Loudness","author":"Florentine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Springer Handbook of Auditory Research"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00196.2013","article-title":"Frequency response of vestibular reflexes in neck, back, and lower limb muscles.","volume":"110","author":"Forbes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00535","article-title":"Electrical vestibular stimuli evoke robust muscle activity in deep and superficial neck muscles in humans.","volume":"9","author":"Forbes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1463-19.2020","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying high-frequency vestibulocollic reflexes in humans and monkeys.","volume":"40","author":"Forbes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B60","first-page":"224","article-title":"Verbal dichotic listening in developmental stuttering: subgroups with atypical auditory processing.","volume":"17","author":"Foundas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.04.004","article-title":"The speech easy device in stuttering and nonstuttering adults: fluency effects while speaking and reading.","volume":"126","author":"Foundas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00907.2017","article-title":"The parieto-insular vestibular cortex in humans: more than a single area?","volume":"120","author":"Frank","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(65)90005-7","article-title":"An experimental analysis of the effect of rhythm on the speech of stutterers.","volume":"1965","author":"Fransella","year":"1965","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31827eda0c","article-title":"Ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with multiple sclerosis.","volume":"30","author":"Gabeli\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B65","author":"Gattie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials in Persistent Developmental Stuttering."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03033358","article-title":"The family of sensorimotor gating disorders: comorbidities or diagnostic overlaps?","volume":"10","author":"Geyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2611-5","article-title":"Vestibular control of the head: possible functions of the vestibulocollic reflex.","volume":"210","author":"Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195167085.001.0001","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Vestibular System: a Sixth Sense. (2012)."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090639","article-title":"Prepulse inhibition of the auditory startle reflex assessment as a hallmark of brainstem sensorimotor gating mechanisms.","volume":"10","author":"G\u00f3mez-Nieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05733-x","article-title":"Mapping the vestibular cerebellar evoked potential (VsCEP) following air- and bone-conducted vestibular stimulation.","volume":"238","author":"Govender","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00202-5","article-title":"A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry.","volume":"114","author":"Grillon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00024-1","article-title":"Mutant mice as a model for cerebellar ataxia.","volume":"63","author":"Gr\u00fcsser-Cornehls","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/018)","article-title":"Acoustic startle responses and temperament in individuals who stutter.","volume":"46","author":"Guitar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hearing Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1483-9","article-title":"Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, clinical evaluation, and imaging findings in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"35","author":"G\u00fcven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.02.017","article-title":"Beyond production: brain responses during speech perception in adults who stutter.","volume":"11","author":"Halag-Milo","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2008.08.001","article-title":"Non-linguistic auditory processing in stuttering: evidence from behavior and event-related brain potentials.","volume":"33","author":"Hampton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Fluency Disord."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001157","article-title":"Vestibular impairment in dementia.","volume":"37","author":"Harun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.01.019","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration in speech processing: computational basis and neural organization.","volume":"69","author":"Hickok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing.","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00059","article-title":"Vestibular pathways involved in cognition.","volume":"8","author":"Hitier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407794-2.00019-5","article-title":"Speech motor control from a modern control theory perspective.","volume":"2016","author":"Houde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Lang."},{"key":"B82","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effects of delayed auditory feedback and frequency-shifted feedback on speech control and some potentials for future development of prosthetic aids for stammering.","volume":"1","author":"Howell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stammering Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6969-8_28","article-title":"Factors affecting fluency in stutterers when speaking under altered auditory feedback","author":"Howell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Speech Motor Dynamics in Stuttering"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.9.5.772","article-title":"Amplitude contour of the delayed signal and interference in delayed auditory feedback tasks.","volume":"9","author":"Howell","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2000.90.2.355","article-title":"Auditory backward-masking performance by children who stutter and its relation to dysfluency rate.","volume":"90","author":"Howell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Percept. Motor Skills"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2838-7_4","article-title":"Physiology of the Auditory Brainstem","author":"Irvine","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neurophysiology. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00090","article-title":"Altered cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"8","author":"Isaac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.03.030","article-title":"Cortical auditory evoked potentials in children who stutter.","volume":"97","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.005","article-title":"Auditory evoked potentials and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in evaluation of brainstem lesions in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"328","author":"Ivankovi\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-16-0033","article-title":"Maintenance of social anxiety in stuttering: a cognitive-behavioral model.","volume":"26","author":"Iverach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2014.07.001","article-title":"Atypical central auditory speech-sound discrimination in children who stutter as indexed by the mismatch negativity.","volume":"41","author":"Jansson-Verkasalo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fluency Disord."},{"key":"B92","article-title":"Long-latency auditory evoked potential in children with stuttering.","volume":"18","author":"Jer\u00f4nimo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil)"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.508549","article-title":"Non-linguistic auditory processing and working memory update in pre-school children who stutter: an electrophysiological study.","volume":"35","author":"Kaganovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10726","article-title":"Reappraisal of the human vestibular cortex by cortical electrical stimulation study.","volume":"54","author":"Kahane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"IV13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-4004-9","article-title":"Abnormal sensory gating in basal ganglia disorders.","author":"Kaji","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B96","article-title":"Der einflusz des hiirens auf das stottern.","volume":"97","year":"1932","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiat."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000021532","article-title":"Evoked potentials and electroencephalography in stuttering.","volume":"52","author":"Khedr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logopaed."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.083","article-title":"Spatiotemporal signatures of an abnormal auditory system in stuttering.","volume":"55","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.10.027","article-title":"Abnormal auditory synchronization in stuttering: a magnetoencephalographic study.","volume":"344","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hearing Res."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-016-0555-y","article-title":"Elevated acoustic startle responses in humans: relationship to reduced loudness discomfort level, but not self-report of hyperacusis.","volume":"17","author":"Knudson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B101","author":"Landis","year":"1939","journal-title":"The Startle Pattern."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.97.3.377","article-title":"Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex.","volume":"97","author":"Lang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1159\/000263997","article-title":"Effect of speaking on evoked vestibular nystagmus in stutterers.","volume":"27","author":"Langov\u00e1","year":"1975","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr."},{"key":"B104","first-page":"97","article-title":"Experimental differentiation between stuttering and cluttering: function of the vestibular apparatus.","volume":"32","author":"Langov\u00e1","year":"1983","journal-title":"\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1396923","article-title":"Calibration\/standardization of short-duration stimuli.","volume":"36","author":"Laukli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Hearing"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730x(81)90003-6","article-title":"Auditory processing and perceptual abilities of \u201corganic\u201d and \u2018functional\u2019 stutterers.","volume":"6","author":"Liebetrau","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Fluency Disord."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2006.04.001","article-title":"Altered auditory feedback and the treatment of stuttering: a review.","volume":"31","author":"Lincoln","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fluency Disord."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2010.07.007","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of speech sound perception in chronic developmental stuttering.","volume":"115","author":"Liotti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"B109","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liu, Volpe, and Galetta\u2019s Neuro-Ophthalmology: Diagnosis and Management"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.109935","article-title":"Auditory temporal processing assessment in children with developmental stuttering.","volume":"132","author":"Lotfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-018-00698-9","article-title":"Vestibular evoked myographic correlation.","volume":"20","author":"L\u00fctkenh\u00f6ner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3109\/13682827109011541","article-title":"A note on reduced auditory pain threshold in 44 stuttering children.","volume":"6","author":"MacCulloch","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br. J. Disord. Commun."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199612000-00009","article-title":"Electric response audiometry in young children before cochlear implantation: a short latency component.","volume":"17","author":"Mason","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2017.01.001","article-title":"Balancing type I error and power in linear mixed models.","volume":"94","author":"Matuschek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1044\/cicsd_31_s_105","article-title":"Unstable or insufficiently activated internal models and feedback biased motor control as sources of dysfluency: a theoretical model of stuttering.","volume":"31","author":"Max","year":"2004","journal-title":"CICSD"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00112","article-title":"Descending influences on vestibulospinal and vestibulosympathetic reflexes.","volume":"8","author":"McCall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3182280299","article-title":"The vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP): air \u2013 versus bone-conducted stimuli.","volume":"32","author":"McNerney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ear Hearing"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.01.035","article-title":"Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role.","volume":"125","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4006.1334","article-title":"P300 event-related potentials in stutterers and nonstutterers.","volume":"40","author":"Morgan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hearing Res."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-018-0430-x","article-title":"Complexity-based analysis of the difference between normal subjects and subjects with stuttering in speech evoked auditory brainstem response.","volume":"39","author":"Mozaffarilegha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.09.005","article-title":"Sound-evoked neurogenic responses with short latency of vestibular origin.","volume":"116","author":"Murofushi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0213","article-title":"The coefficient of determination r2 and intra-class correlation coefficient from generalized linear mixed-effects models revisited and expanded.","volume":"14","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0579-4","article-title":"The neurobiological grounding of persistent stuttering: from structure to function.","volume":"15","author":"Neef","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu390","article-title":"Speech dynamics are coded in the left motor cortex in fluent speakers but not in adults who stutter.","author":"Neef","year":"","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B125","first-page":"63","article-title":"A study of the speech behaviour of stutterers and nonstutterers under normal and delayed auditory feedback.","volume":"7","author":"Neelly","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Speech hear. Disord. monogr. Suppl."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(03)00051-0","article-title":"Central projections of the vestibular nerve: a review and single fiber study in the Mongolian gerbil.","volume":"60","author":"Newlands","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10876","article-title":"Central projections of the saccular and utricular nerves in macaques.","volume":"466","author":"Newlands","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181e3d60e","article-title":"Test-retest reliability and age-related characteristics of the ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential tests.","volume":"31","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200211000-00024","article-title":"Saccular origin of acoustically evoked short latency negative response.","volume":"23","author":"Nong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480050218708","article-title":"An acoustically evoked short latency negative response in profound hearing loss patients.","volume":"120","author":"Nong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200103000-00025","article-title":"Variance of vestibular\u2212evoked myogenic potentials.","volume":"111","author":"Ochi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7860-y","article-title":"Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in central vestibular disorders.","volume":"263","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.09.026","article-title":"Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions.","volume":"124","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B134","first-page":"241","article-title":"P50 sensory gating in children and adolescents with developmental stuttering.","volume":"19","author":"\u00d6zcan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B135","first-page":"399","article-title":"Click evoked neurogenic vestibular potentials (NVESTEPs): a method of assessing the function of the vestibular system.","volume":"43","author":"Papathanasiou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.11.042","article-title":"International guidelines for the clinical application of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: an expert consensus report.","volume":"125","author":"Papathanasiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B137","first-page":"105","article-title":"Parallel auditory vestibular evoked neurogenic and myogenic potential results in a case of peripheral vestibular dysfunction, showing that the former originates from the vestibular system.","volume":"46","author":"Papathanasiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B138","first-page":"167","article-title":"Neurogenic vestibular evoked potentials using a tone pip auditory stimulus.","volume":"44","author":"Papathanasiou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.07.008","article-title":"Startle response potentiation to chemosensory anxiety signals in socially anxious individuals.","volume":"74","author":"Pause","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)00673-0","article-title":"New insights into the upward vestibulo-oculomotor pathways in the human brainstem.","volume":"171","author":"Pierrot-Deseilligny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B141","year":"2020","journal-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3458855","article-title":"Hearing one\u2019s own voice during phoneme vocalization\u2014Transmission by air and bone conduction.","volume":"128","author":"Reinfeldt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B143","author":"Riley","year":"2009","journal-title":"SSI-4: Stuttering severity instrument \u2013 Fourth edition; examiners\u2019 Manual"},{"key":"B144","first-page":"73","article-title":"Stuttering and auditory function","author":"Rosenfield","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature and Treatment of Stuttering: New Directions"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00481","article-title":"The contributions of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and acoustic vestibular stimulation to our understanding of the vestibular system.","volume":"9","author":"Rosengren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2019.01.005","article-title":"Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in practice: methods, pitfalls and clinical applications.","volume":"4","author":"Rosengren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Pract."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.10.016","article-title":"Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: past, present and future.","volume":"121","author":"Rosengren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1959.03590060102011","article-title":"Sound localization ability of normal, stuttering, neurotic, and hemiplegic subjects.","volume":"1","author":"Rousey","year":"1959","journal-title":"AMA Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199807130-00014","article-title":"Functional organization of the auditory cortex is different in stutterers and fluent speakers.","volume":"9","author":"Salmelin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00070","article-title":"Functional lateralization of speech processing in adults and children who stutter.","volume":"2","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.21849\/cacd.2020.00227","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of differences in acoustic startle responses between school-age children who do and do not stutter.","volume":"5","author":"Selman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Arch. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00055","article-title":"Auditory- and vestibular-evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"8","author":"Shalash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.08.006","article-title":"Interactions between the vestibular nucleus and the dorsal cochlear nucleus: implications for tinnitus.","volume":"292","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hearing Res."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1975.41.3.931","article-title":"Dichotic ear preferences of stuttering children and adults.","volume":"41","author":"Sommers","year":"1975","journal-title":"Percept. Motor Skills"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(90)90028-Q","article-title":"Heterogeneity in stuttering.","volume":"15","author":"Stager","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Fluency Disord."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31823e28ab","article-title":"Transcranial attenuation of bone-conducted sound when stimulation is at the mastoid and at the bone conduction hearing aid position.","volume":"33","author":"Stenfelt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912880","article-title":"Perceived level of noise by mark VII and decibels (E).","volume":"51","author":"Stevens","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1504.771","article-title":"Interaural phase disparity of stutterers and nonstutterers.","volume":"15","author":"Stromsta","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Speech and Hearing Res."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1046485","article-title":"Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) in children with developmental language disorders.","volume":"208","author":"Suchodoletz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Klinische P\u00e4diatr."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/328646","article-title":"Speech evoked auditory brainstem response in stuttering.","volume":"2014","author":"Tahaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"B161","author":"Taylor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Taylor\u2013Johnson Temperament Analysis Manual."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00444","article-title":"The sensory-motor theory of rhythm and beat induction 20 years on: a new synthesis and future perspectives.","volume":"9","author":"Todd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.03.006","article-title":"Source analysis of short and long latency vestibular-evoked potentials (VsEPs) produced by left vs. right ear air-conducted 500 Hz tone pips.","volume":"312","author":"Todd","year":"","journal-title":"Hearing Res."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.11.008","article-title":"Vestibular receptors contribute to cortical auditory evoked potentials.","volume":"309","author":"Todd","year":"","journal-title":"Hearing Res."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.03.027","article-title":"A source analysis of short- latency vestibular evoked potentials produced by air- and bone-conducted sound.","volume":"119","author":"Todd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017222","article-title":"Linking dimensional models of internalizing psychopathology to neurobiological systems: affect-modulated startle as an indicator of fear and distress disorders and affiliated traits.","volume":"135","author":"Vaidyanathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00053","article-title":"Vestibular function in the temporal and parietal cortex: distinct velocity and inertial processing pathways.","volume":"8","author":"Ventre-Dominey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.2307\/1422087","article-title":"Quantification of loudness.","volume":"86","author":"Warren","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.6.771","article-title":"Vestibular activation by bone conducted sound.","volume":"74","author":"Welgampola","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2015.00079","article-title":"Vestibular interactions in the thalamus.","volume":"9","author":"Wijesinghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"B171","year":"2019","journal-title":"Statistics for Linguists: An Introduction Using R."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.03.014","article-title":"A simple model for the generation of the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP).","volume":"117","author":"Wit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(63)90013-5","article-title":"Recent empirical and theoretical approaches to the experimental manipulation of speech in normal subjects and in stammerers.","volume":"1","author":"Yates","year":"1963","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2301.122","article-title":"Stuttering: a disorder of movement.","volume":"23","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Speech Hearing Res."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04461.x","article-title":"Parallel ascending vestibular pathways: anatomical localization and functional specialization.","volume":"1164","author":"Zwergal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnint.2021.662127\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T15:29:58Z","timestamp":1631633398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnint.2021.662127\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":175,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnint.2021.662127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnint.2021.662127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"article-number":"662127"}}