{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:31:15Z","timestamp":1784302275117,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Integr. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ten years ago, we published a position paper in this journal, criticizing reductionist claims of neurobiology related to mental disorders and important theoretical concepts like free will. Our interdisciplinary group of experts highlighted the need for and the challenges of integrating different approaches and system levels in neuroscience. We argued\u2014and still argue\u2014that such an integrative and multi-perspective approach is an important precondition for progress in the understanding and treatment of neuro-psychiatric disorders. We now review the progress towards an integrative neuroscience during the past decade in five steps: First, we examine the social and institutional context of brain research that has enabled tremendous technical developments and insights. Nevertheless, many research programs remain reductionist and fail to acknowledge differences between different system levels, their complex interactions, and domain-specific languages. We argue that scientific discourse largely lacks any critical account on the very nature of neurobiological explanations and interdisciplinary interfaces. Second, these conceptual weaknesses lead us to highlight the need for establishing an interdisciplinary neurophilosophy which tackles the challenging multiplicity of perspectives and approaches in modern neurosciences. The task is not just a collaboration between philosophers and neuroscientists, but rather the development of a critical philosophical stance within the neurosciences themselves. Third, based on this, we plead for the importance of the emerging science of complex systems, which is particularly helpful to integrate interdisciplinary knowledge and develop new strategies for modeling multi-level relations and phenomena. We suggest the application of systemic approaches in the mind sciences. Fourth, in line with this holistic view, we present an ecological perspective on human beings. The still dominating cephalocentric paradigm in neurosciences is severely limited without understanding the brain as a regulative organ in a situated organism and\u2014in case of humans\u2014an acting person \u201cextended\u201d to tools, technologies, and social structures. Fifth, in our final section, we illustrate our view using the debate about free will. We argue that any position respecting the complexity and irreducibility of mental phenomena will escape inappropriate reductionist and deterministic assumptions while fully acknowledging scientific evidence. We conclude with the demand for stronger efforts towards an institutionalized, interdisciplinary, systems-oriented neurophilosophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2026.1792478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:41:51Z","timestamp":1778823711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Progress and ongoing conceptual challenges \u201con the way to integrative human neuroscience\u201d\u2013ten years after"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Felix","family":"Tretter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"L\u00f6ffler-Stastka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Albert","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AG Neurodynamics, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps University of Marburg","place":["Marburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Schleim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen","place":["Groningen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Falkenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and Political Science, Technical University Dortmund","place":["Dortmund, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Hastedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Philosophy, University of Rostock","place":["Rostock, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Northoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa","place":["Ottawa, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Jaspers Chair, Phenomenological Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Clinics Heidelberg","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Kotchoubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of T\u00fcbingen","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Maderthaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychology, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Draguhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Understanding life, Advancing health\n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"2013","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).","year":"2013"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.07.001","article-title":"Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain.","volume":"33","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(99)00152-3","article-title":"Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms.","volume":"46","author":"Andreasen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":""},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1014-23.2023","article-title":"Neuroscience needs network science.","volume":"43","author":"Barab\u00e1si","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology.","author":"Bateson","year":"1972"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Mental Mechanisms. Philosophical Perspectives on Cognitive Neuroscience.","author":"Bechtel","year":"2008"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108946964","volume-title":"Philosophy of Neuroscience.","author":"Bechtel","year":"2022"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience","author":"Bennett","year":"2021"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"General System Theory.","author":"Bertalanffy","year":"1968"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"\u201cThe Philosophy of Neuroscience,\u201d\n          \n          \n            \n              Bickle\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Mandik\n              P.\n            \n            \n              Landreth\n              A.\n            \n          \n          \n            \n              Zalta\n              E. N.\n            \n          \n          The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition), University Press\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Das Handwerk der Freiheit. \u00dcber die Entdeckung des eigenen Willens.","author":"Bieri","year":"2001"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/18581","article-title":"A spelling device for the paralysed","volume":"398","author":"Birbaumer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"111","article-title":"Chaos, indeterminism and free will","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook Handbook of Free Will","author":"Bishop","year":"2002"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375","article-title":"A network theory of mental disorders.","volume":"16","author":"Borsboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000164","article-title":"Betting on DBS: Effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on risk taking and decision making in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"29","author":"Brandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.04.024","article-title":"Why neuroscience does not disprove free will.","volume":"102","author":"Brass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629436","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2021.629436","article-title":"Stochasticity versus determinacy in neurobiology: From ion channels to the question of the \u201cfree will.","volume":"15","author":"Braun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527622672.ch7","article-title":"Biological Rhythms in Mental Disorders","volume-title":"Biosimulation in Drug Development","author":"Braun","year":"2007"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/367270a0","article-title":"Oscillation and noise determine signal transduction in shark multimodal sensory cells.","volume":"367","author":"Braun","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003088653","volume-title":"Sex, Death and the Superego: Updating Psychoanalytic Experience and Developments in Neuroscience.","author":"Britton","year":"2020"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design.","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00082","article-title":"Why study the history of neuroscience?","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2308.08708","article-title":"Consciousness in artificial intelligence: Insights from the science of consciousness.","author":"Butlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"38","article-title":"The methodological character of theoretical concepts.","volume":"1","author":"Carnap","year":"1956","journal-title":"Minnesota Stud. Philos. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/0198247044.001.0001","volume-title":"How the Laws of Physics Lie.","author":"Cartwright","year":"1983"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195311105.003.0001","article-title":"Facing up to the problem of consciousness.","volume":"2","author":"Chalmers","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Consciousness Stud."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"167","article-title":"Phenomenal concepts and the explanatory gap","volume-title":"Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism","author":"Chalmers","year":"2005"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112316009","volume-title":"Syntactic Structures.","author":"Chomsky","year":"1957"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444343359","volume-title":"Critical Neuroscience: A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience.","author":"Choudbury","year":"2011"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-025-11471-9","article-title":"From language to action: A review of large language models as autonomous agents and tool users.","volume":"59","author":"Chowa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"The Psyche and Schizophrenia. The Bond between Affect and Logic.","author":"Ciompi","year":"1988"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Ciompi\n              L.\n            \n          \n          The concept of affect-logic.\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1933-1592.2007.00114.x","article-title":"Pressing the flesh: A tension in the study of the embodied, embedded mind?","volume":"76","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Phenomenol. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1933-1592.2007.00114.x","article-title":"The extended mind.","volume":"58","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08888-1","article-title":"Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness.","volume":"642","author":"Cogitate Consortium, Ferrante","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9883-8_67","article-title":"The language of systems","volume-title":"Critical Issues in Systems Theory and Practice","author":"Combs","year":"1995"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199299317.001.0001","volume-title":"Explaining the Brain. Mechanisms and the Mosaic Unity of Neuroscience.","author":"Craver","year":"2007"},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain.","author":"Damasio","year":"2010"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-097086-8.62116-5","article-title":"History of science","volume-title":"International Encyclopedia of the Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences","author":"Daston","year":"2015"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-007-9076-9","article-title":"Participatory sense-making: An enactive approach to social cognition.","volume":"6","author":"De Jaegher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10699-014-9369-8","article-title":"The death and the resurrection of. (Psy)critique: The case of neuroeducation.","volume":"21","author":"de Vos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Found Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.03.018","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing.","volume":"70","author":"Dehaene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-005-9002-y","article-title":"Autopoiesis, adaptivity, teleology, agency.","volume":"4","author":"Di Paolo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-008-9042-3","article-title":"Extended life.","volume":"28","author":"Di Paolo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"Personality and Psychotherapy; an Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking, and Culture.","author":"Dollard","year":"1950"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21047","article-title":"Financial anatomy of neuroscience research.","volume":"60","author":"Dorsey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-022-02778-5","article-title":"Body and mind: How somatic feedback signals shape brain activity and cognition.","volume":"475","author":"Draguhn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3621","article-title":"Funding big neuroscience.","volume":"17","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816412115","article-title":"Top-down causation and quantum physics.","volume":"115","author":"Ellis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460","article-title":"The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine.","volume":"196","author":"Engel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-68571-6","volume-title":"Mythos Determinismus","author":"Falkenburg","year":"2024"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10838-021-09557-3","article-title":"Models, unification, and simulations: Margaret C. Morrison 1954\u20132021.","volume":"52","author":"Falkenburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. General Philos. Sci."},{"key":"B55","volume-title":"Elgar Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Studies.","author":"Felt","year":"2014"},{"key":"B56","volume-title":"Against Method. Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge.","author":"Feyerabend","year":"1975"},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"Ecolinguistics Reader: Language, Ecology and Environment.","author":"Fill","year":"2001"},{"key":"B58","volume-title":"Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact.","author":"Fleck","year":"1935"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan8866","article-title":"Big data and the industrialization of neuroscience: A safe roadmap for understanding the brain?","volume":"358","author":"Fr\u00e9gnac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01743-z","article-title":"Computational psychiatry: From synapses to sentience.","volume":"28","author":"Friston","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"89","article-title":"Schizophrenia: A disconnection syndrome?","volume":"3","author":"Friston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B62","volume-title":"Ecology of the Brain.","author":"Fuchs","year":"2018"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01707","article-title":"The circularity of the embodied mind.","volume":"11","author":"Fuchs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192898197.001.0001","volume-title":"In Defense of the Human Being. Foundational Questions of an Embodied Anthropology.","author":"Fuchs","year":"2021"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/0199271941.001.0001","volume-title":"How the Body Shapes the Mind.","author":"Gallagher","year":"2005"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/sjp.12308","article-title":"The extended mind: State of the question.","volume":"56","author":"Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Southern J. Philos."},{"key":"B67","volume-title":"The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception.","author":"Gibson","year":"1979"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09820-3","article-title":"Mapping the genetic landscape across 14 psychiatric disorders.","volume":"649","author":"Grotzinger","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470692165","volume-title":"Human nature: The categorial framework.","author":"Hacker","year":"2007"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118609033","volume-title":"The Intellectual Powers: A Study of Human Nature.","author":"Hacker","year":"2013"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118951866","volume-title":"The Passions: A Study of Human Nature.","author":"Hacker","year":"2017"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119657828","volume-title":"The Moral Powers: A Study of Human Nature.","author":"Hacker","year":"2021"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2307\/3178066","article-title":"Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective.","volume":"14","author":"Haraway","year":"1988","journal-title":"Feminist Stud."},{"key":"B74","article-title":"The Ecology of Language","volume-title":"The Ecology of Language: Essays by Einar Haugen","author":"Haugen","year":"1972"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/15427600701662983","article-title":"The motivation-volition divide and its resolution in action-phase models of developmental regulation.","volume":"4","author":"Heckhausen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B76","first-page":"1","article-title":"Motivation and action: Introduction and overview","volume-title":"Motivation and Action","author":"Heckhausen","year":"2010"},{"key":"B77","article-title":"Causal determinism","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Summer 2024 Edition), Edward N. Zalta &amp; Uri Nodelman","author":"Hoefer","year":"2024"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1192\/bjb.2021.6","article-title":"Friston\u2019s free energy principle: New life for psychoanalysis?","volume":"46","author":"Holmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJPsych. Bulletin"},{"key":"B79","volume-title":"Philosophy of Complex Systems.","author":"Hooker","year":"2011"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1881.001.0001","volume-title":"Cognition in the Wild.","author":"Hutchins","year":"1995"},{"key":"B81","unstructured":"Mathematical and Conceptual Foundations of Systems Analysis.\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2307\/2026143","article-title":"What mary didn\u2019t know.","volume":"83","author":"Jackson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Philos."},{"key":"B83","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Free Will","author":"Kane","year":"2012"},{"key":"B84","volume-title":"Clinical Studies in Neuro-Psychoanalysis: Introduction to a Depth Neuropsychology","author":"Kaplan-Solms","year":"2000"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5771\/9783748928003","volume-title":"A Social Philosophy of Science.","author":"Kasavir","year":"2023"},{"key":"B86","volume-title":"Dynamic Patterns: The Self-Organization of Brain and Behavior.","author":"Kelso","year":"1995"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)00017-U","article-title":"The intelligent use of space.","volume":"73","author":"Kirsh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Artificial Intell."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-010-0272-8","article-title":"Thinking with external representations.","volume":"25","author":"Kirsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674039681","volume-title":"Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge.","author":"Knorr-Cetina","year":"1999"},{"key":"B90","volume-title":"Why Are You Free? Biology and Psychology of Voluntary Action.","author":"Kotchoubey","year":"2012"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2016.00041","article-title":"Methodological problems on the way to integrative human neuroscience.","volume":"10","author":"Kotchoubey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813995-0.00027-3","article-title":"Personality systems interactions. (PSI theory): Toward a dynamic integration of personality theories","volume-title":"The Handbook of Personality Dynamics and Processes","author":"Kuhl","year":"2021"},{"key":"B93","volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.","author":"Kuhn","year":"1962"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/17588921003731586","article-title":"How neuroscience will change our view on consciousness.","volume":"1","author":"Lamme","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619895057","article-title":"Toward an integrative psychometric model of emotions.","volume":"15","author":"Lange","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07405-0","article-title":"Large-scale neurophysiology and single-cell profiling in human neuroscience.","volume":"630","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47381","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47381","article-title":"Philosophy of biology: The challenges of big data.","volume":"8","author":"Leonelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0114.1983.tb00207.x","article-title":"Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap.","volume":"64","author":"Levine","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pacific Philos. Quart."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90262-6","article-title":"Preparation- or intention-to-act, in relation to pre-event potentials recorded at the vertex.","volume":"56","author":"Libet","year":"1983","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640658","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.640658","article-title":"The mental health ecosystem: Extending symptom networks with risk and protective factors.","volume":"12","author":"Lunansky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-017-1616-4","article-title":"Structures, dynamics and mechanisms in neuroscience: An integrative account.","volume":"195","author":"Lyre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/02698590412331289242","article-title":"Activities and causation: the metaphysics and epistemology of mechanisms.","volume":"18","author":"Machamer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Stud. Philos. Sci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-020-01579-w","article-title":"Debunking a myth: Plant consciousness.","volume":"258","author":"Mallatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"B104","volume-title":"Vision: A Computational Approach.","author":"Marr","year":"1982"},{"key":"B105","volume-title":"The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects.","author":"McLuhan","year":"1967"},{"key":"B106","volume-title":"Thinking in Systems.","author":"Meadows","year":"2008"},{"key":"B107","unstructured":"Meadows\n              D.\n            \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8535.003.0010","article-title":"Cognitive integration and the extended mind","volume-title":"The Extended Mind","author":"Menary","year":"2010"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2025.103057","article-title":"Chemogenetic and optogenetic tools revolutionizing the study of astrocytes in memory.","volume":"93","author":"Meron Asher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B110","first-page":"267","article-title":"The Normative Structure of Science","volume-title":"The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations","author":"Merton","year":"1942"},{"key":"B111","volume-title":"Living Systems.","author":"Miller","year":"1978"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226532653.001.0001","volume-title":"Unsimple Truths. Science, Complexity and Policy.","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/02668734.2014.975154","article-title":"Towards a relational affective theory of personality disorder.","volume":"28","author":"Mizen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2020.63","article-title":"Relational and affective neuroscience: A quiet revolution in psychiatric and psychotherapeutic practice.","volume":"26","author":"Mizen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych Adv."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.05.012","article-title":"Narcissistic disorder and the failure of symbolisation \u2013 A relational affective hypothesis.","volume":"83","author":"Mizen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B116","volume-title":"Systems Science: Theory, Analysis, Modeling, and Design.","author":"Mobus","year":"2023"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.22430\/21457778.1776","article-title":"Encounters between philosophy of science, philosophy of technology and STS, Trilog\u00eda.","volume":"13","author":"Moreno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda y Sociedad"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511660108","volume-title":"Models as Mediators: Perspectives on Natural and Social Science.","author":"Morgan","year":"1999"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2307\/2183914","article-title":"What is it like to be a Bat?","volume":"83","author":"Nagel","year":"1974","journal-title":"Philos. Rev."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198735410.001.0001","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition, Oxford Library of Psychology, Online Edition.","author":"Newen","year":"2018"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198779636.001.0001","volume-title":"Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology.","author":"Nicholson","year":"2018"},{"key":"B122","volume-title":"Action in Perception.","author":"No\u00eb","year":"2004"},{"key":"B123","volume-title":"Neuropsychoanalysis - A Contemporary Introduction.","author":"Northoff","year":"2023"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2021.102168","article-title":"Temporo-spatial theory of consciousness. (TTC): Bridging the gap of neuronal activity and phenomenal states.","volume":"208","author":"Northoff","year":"","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3390\/e24020270","article-title":"From shorter to longer timescales: Converging integrated information theory. (IIT). With the temporo-spatial theory of consciousness. (TTC).","volume":"24","author":"Northoff","year":"","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/019515374X.001.0001","volume-title":"Persons and Causes: The Metaphysics of Free Will.","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2002"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197572153.003.0005","article-title":"Free will","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Winter 2022 Edition)","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2022"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adz9193","article-title":"Transforming mental health research and care through artificial intelligence.","volume":"391","author":"Opel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195096736.001.0001","volume-title":"Affective Neuroscience. The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions.","author":"Panksepp","year":"1998"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.004","article-title":"Emotional endophenotypes in evolutionary psychiatry.","volume":"30","author":"Panksepp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.09.011","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics: A road ahead for precision medicine in psychiatry.","volume":"109","author":"Pardi\u00f1as","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr126","article-title":"Eugen Bleuler and the schizophrenias: 100 years after.","volume":"37","author":"Peralta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2021.56","article-title":"Methodological dualism considered as a heuristic paradigm for clinical psychiatry.","volume":"28","author":"Pernu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJPsych Adv."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4337\/9781839104756.00043","article-title":"Neuroscience, novelty, and the sociology of the brain","volume-title":"Handbook on the Sociology of Health and Medicine","author":"Pickersgill","year":"2023"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1108\/S1057-6290(2011)13","volume-title":"Sociological Reflections on the Neurosciences.","author":"Pickersgill","year":"2011"},{"key":"B136","volume-title":"Mind as Motion: Explorations in the Dynamics of Cognition.","author":"Port","year":"1995"},{"key":"B137","unstructured":"Postman\n              N.\n            \n          \n          \u2018What is Media Ecology?.\n          \n          2009"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2503.19672","article-title":"Reframing the free will debate: The universe is not deterministic.","author":"Potter","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781032627328","volume-title":"The Vienna Circle. The Story of Logical Empiricism.","author":"Sarlkar","year":"2024"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-02212-4","article-title":"How AI and neuroscience drive each other forwards.","volume":"571","author":"Savage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0215","article-title":"Dynamical systems view of psychiatric disorders-theory: A review.","volume":"81","author":"Scheffer","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00336","article-title":"Critical neuroscience\u2014or critical science? A perspective on the perceived normative significance of neuroscience.","volume":"8","author":"Schleim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-69450-3","volume-title":"Science and Free Will: Neurophilosophical Controversies and What It Means to Be Human.","author":"Schleim","year":"2024"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72362-9","volume-title":"Brain Development and the Law. Neurolaw in Theory and Practice.","author":"Schleim","year":"2025"},{"key":"B145","volume-title":"Philosophy of Interdisciplinarity. Studies in Science, Society and Sustainability.","author":"Schmidt","year":"2022"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.06.023","article-title":"\u2018Catching the waves\u2019\u2014slow cortical potentials as moderator of voluntary action.","volume":"68","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.04.001","article-title":"What is the readiness potential?","volume":"25","author":"Schurger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X25000032","article-title":"Conscious artificial intelligence and biological naturalism.","author":"Seth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1086\/674047","article-title":"Why do biologists use so many diagrams?","volume":"80","author":"Sheredos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philosophy Sci."},{"key":"B150","volume-title":"Exact Thinking in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science.","author":"Sigmund","year":"2017"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02094-3","article-title":"Four dimensions of individualization in brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: Context, target, dose, and timing.","volume":"50","author":"Soleimani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B152","volume-title":"The Hidden Spring: A Journey to the Source of Consciousness.","author":"Solms","year":"2021"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212218110","article-title":"Predicting free choices for abstract intentions.","volume":"110","author":"Soon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105204","article-title":"Theories of consciousness and psychiatric disorders: A comparative analysis.","volume":"152","author":"Stefanelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.06.013","article-title":"The biopsycho-ecological paradigm: A foundational theory for medicine. PM R","author":"Stineman","year":"2010"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.02.004","article-title":"An integrative, multiscale view on neural theories of consciousness.","volume":"112","author":"Storm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17433\/978-3-17-028683-2","volume-title":"Freiheit: Psychobiologische Errungenschaft und neurokognitiver Auftrag.","author":"Tebartz-van Elst","year":"2015"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061626","article-title":"Cognitive maps in rats and men.","volume":"55","author":"Tolman","year":"1948","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.44","article-title":"Integrated information theory: From consciousness to its physical substrate.","volume":"17","author":"Tononi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-025-00920-7","article-title":"Global coordination of brain activity by the breathing cycle.","volume":"26","author":"Tort","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B161","volume-title":"\u00d6kologie der Person.","author":"Tretter","year":"2008"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62059-2_448","article-title":"Neurochemical mobile: A heuristic tool for understanding dynamic complexity and treatment of alcohol withdrawal","volume-title":"NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy","author":"Tretter","year":"2022"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01616","article-title":"Steps toward an integrative clinical systems psychology.","volume":"9","author":"Tretter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214230","article-title":"The human ecological perspective and biopsychosocial medicine.","volume":"16","author":"Tretter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640974","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.640974","article-title":"The quest for system-theoretical medicine in the COVID-19 era.","volume":"8","author":"Tretter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.2002.0548","article-title":"Cortical movement preparation before and after a conscious decision to move.","volume":"11","author":"Trevena","year":"2002","journal-title":"Consciousness Cogn. Int. J."},{"key":"B167","article-title":"Qualia","author":"Tye","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Fall 2025 Edition)"},{"key":"B168","volume-title":"Theoretische Biologie.","author":"Uexk\u00fcll","year":"1973"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00980-9","article-title":"Large-scale neural recordings call for new insights to link brain and behavior.","volume":"25","author":"Urai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6730.001.0001","volume-title":"The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience.","author":"Varela","year":"1991"},{"key":"B171","volume-title":"Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation.","author":"Woodward","year":"2003"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827f0846","article-title":"Patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome respond to the pain cries of other people.","volume":"80","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5633","article-title":"Role of the gut-brain axis in neurological diseases: Molecular connections and therapeutic implications.","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnint.2026.1792478\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:30:51Z","timestamp":1779107451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnint.2026.1792478\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":173,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnint.2026.1792478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnint.2026.1792478","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"article-number":"1792478"}}