{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:29:28Z","timestamp":1787243368062,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Developmental changes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems during frontal lobe development have been hypothesized to play a key role in neurodevelopmental disorders seen in children born very preterm or at\/with low birth weight, but the associated cellular changes have not yet been identified. Here we studied the molecular development of the GABAergic system specifically in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region that has been implicated in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. The maturation state of the GABAergic system in this region was assessed in human post-mortem brain samples, from term infants ranging in age from 0 to 8 months (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 17 male, 9 female). Gene expression was measured for 47 GABAergic genes and used to calculate a maturation index. This maturation index was significantly more dynamic in male than female infants. To evaluate the impact of premature birth on the GABAergic system development, samples from 1-month-old term (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 9 male, 4 female) and 1-month corrected-age very preterm (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 8 male, 6 female) infants, were compared using the same gene list and methodology. The maturation index for the GABAergic system was significantly lower (\u221250%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) in male preterm infants, with major alterations in genes linked to GABAergic function in astrocytes, suggesting astrocytic GABAergic developmental changes as a new cellular mechanism underlying preterm brain injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.827370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T10:11:01Z","timestamp":1643883061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Preterm Birth Alters the Maturation of the GABAergic System in the Human Prefrontal Cortex"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Helene","family":"Lacaille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire-Marie","family":"Vacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Penn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000224825.57976.87","article-title":"Neonatal infection and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in the preterm infant.","volume":"19","author":"Adams-Chapman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. 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