{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:08:22Z","timestamp":1753891702969,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neural innervations exert essential roles in the prostate. However, spatial distribution and regulatory function of such neural inputs are incompletely characterized. Here, we exploited the advanced whole-tissue immunolabeling and optical clearing technique to assess the 3D anatomy of autonomic innervations in the mouse and human prostate for the first time. We observed that sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs in the mouse prostate remained unaffected during castration-induced tissue regression. However, the pharmacologic destruction of sympathetic innervations in the mouse prostate led to sterile inflammation of the tissue, mimicking the disease condition of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. Also, the genetic ablation of sympathetic inputs produced a similar inflammatory response. Furthermore, we showed that treatment of the specific \u03b22-adrenergic receptor agonists could effectively mitigate the prostate inflammation caused by such sympathetic loss. Together, these results have elucidated the new immunomodulatory function of the sympathetic signal <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the \u03b22-adrenergic receptor in prostate inflammatory disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.855376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T09:25:37Z","timestamp":1652174737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Loss of the Sympathetic Signal Produces Sterile Inflammation of the Prostate"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1913","article-title":"Management of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","volume":"305","author":"Anothaisintawee","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0585-1_17","article-title":"Whole-tissue immunolabeling and 3D fluorescence imaging to visualize axon degeneration in the intact, unsectioned mouse tissues.","volume":"2143","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. 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