{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T04:01:35Z","timestamp":1793246495708,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked adult-onset progressive neuromuscular disease that affects the spinal and bulbar motor neurons and skeletal muscles. SBMA is caused by expansion of polymorphic CAG trinucleotide repeats in the <jats:italic>Androgen Receptor<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic>) gene, resulting in expanded glutamine tract in the AR protein. Polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion renders the mutant AR protein toxic, resulting in the formation of mutant protein aggregates and cell death. This classifies SBMA as one of the nine known polyQ diseases. Like other polyQ disorders, the expansion of the polyQ tract in the AR protein is the main genetic cause of the disease; however, multiple other mechanisms besides the polyQ tract expansion also contribute to the SBMA disease pathophysiology. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation are a category of mechanisms by which the functionality of AR has been found to be significantly modulated and can alter the neurotoxicity of SBMA. This review summarizes the different PTMs and their effects in regulating the AR function and discusses their pathogenic or protective roles in context of SBMA. This review also includes the therapeutic approaches that target the PTMs of AR in an effort to reduce the mutant AR-mediated toxicity in SBMA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.931301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T23:05:09Z","timestamp":1654383909000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring the Role of Posttranslational Modifications in Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Neha","family":"Gogia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luhan","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Olmos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Haidery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Luttik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janghoo","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.2.107","article-title":"Expression of expanded repeat androgen receptor produces neurologic disease in transgenic mice.","volume":"10","author":"Abel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.10.1039","article-title":"Transgenic mice with an expanded CAG repeat controlled by the human AR promoter show polyglutamine nuclear inclusions and neuronal dysfunction without neuronal cell death.","volume":"10","author":"Adachi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001","DOI":"10.1621\/nrs.10001","article-title":"Post-translational modifications of nuclear receptors and human disease.","volume":"10","author":"Anbalagan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucl. Recept. Signal."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.01.027","article-title":"Posttranslational modifications mediate the structural diversity of tauopathy strains.","volume":"180","author":"Arakhamia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3036","article-title":"The crucial role of protein phosphorylation in cell signaling and its use as targeted therapy (Review).","volume":"40","author":"Ardito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36784-4","article-title":"Impaired nuclear export of polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"9","author":"Arnold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl096","article-title":"Natural history of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA): a study of 223 Japanese patients.","author":"Atsuta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4500","article-title":"Selective modulation of the androgen receptor AF2 domain rescues degeneration in spinal bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"24","author":"Badders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.05.003","article-title":"Serine phosphorylation and arginine methylation at the crossroads to neurodegeneration.","volume":"271","author":"Basso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.12.013","article-title":"Protein arginine methylation in mammals: who, what, and why.","volume":"33","author":"Bedford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00053","article-title":"Mechanisms mediating spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: investigations into polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor function and dysfunction.","volume":"4","author":"Beitel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960-0760(97)00001-0","article-title":"Wide variation in androgen receptor dysfunction in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.","volume":"61","author":"Bevan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614826113","article-title":"Unexpected central role of the androgen receptor in the spontaneous regeneration of myelin.","volume":"113","author":"Bielecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0295-191","article-title":"Stability of an expanded trinucleotide repeat in the androgen receptor gene in transgenic mice.","volume":"9","author":"Bingham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.11.003","article-title":"Arginine methylation: the coming of age.","volume":"65","author":"Blanc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw073","article-title":"A small-molecule Nrf1 and Nrf2 activator mitigates polyglutamine toxicity in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"25","author":"Bott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.1997.0126","article-title":"Characterization of an expanded glutamine repeat androgen receptor in a neuronal cell culture system.","volume":"3","author":"Brooks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"264","article-title":"Androgen receptor locus on the human X chromosome: regional localization to Xq11-12 and description of a DNA polymorphism.","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.03.002","article-title":"Androgen receptor function in motor neuron survival and degeneration.","volume":"19","author":"Cary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.23.2895","article-title":"Genetic modulation of polyglutamine toxicity by protein conjugation pathways in Drosophila.","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.109132","article-title":"Androgen receptor (AR) physiological roles in male and female reproductive systems: lessons learned from AR-knockout mice lacking AR in selective cells.","volume":"89","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1443","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein phosphorylation controls neurotoxicity and inclusion formation in a Drosophila model of Parkinson disease.","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25576","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.043133","article-title":"Androgen receptor phosphorylation and activity are regulated by an association with protein phosphatase 1.","volume":"284","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4778","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0808-04.2004","article-title":"Castration restores function and neurofilament alterations of aged symptomatic males in a transgenic mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"24","author":"Chevalier-Larsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73214","article-title":"Disrupting SUMOylation enhances transcriptional function and ameliorates polyglutamine androgen receptor-mediated disease.","volume":"125","author":"Chua","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E127","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0502-e127","article-title":"The origins of protein phosphorylation.","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71779-1_5","article-title":"X-Linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: from clinical genetic features and molecular pathology to mechanisms underlying disease toxicity.","volume":"1049","author":"Cortes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.001","article-title":"Muscle expression of mutant androgen receptor accounts for systemic and motor neuron disease phenotypes in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"82","author":"Cortes","year":"","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3787","article-title":"Polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor interferes with TFEB to elicit autophagy defects in SBMA.","volume":"17","author":"Cortes","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-08-0042","article-title":"Consequences of poly-glutamine repeat length for the conformation and folding of the androgen receptor amino-terminal domain.","volume":"41","author":"Davies","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.287","article-title":"Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 functions as an epigenetic activator of the androgen receptor to promote prostate cancer cell growth.","volume":"36","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e112746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112746","article-title":"Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a new model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"9","author":"Dossena","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2016.06.007","article-title":"The world of protein acetylation.","volume":"1864","author":"Drazic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52764","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202152764","article-title":"The androgen receptor depends on ligand-binding domain dimerization for transcriptional activation.","volume":"22","author":"El Kharraz","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37010","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.525345","article-title":"Mammalian protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) specifically targets RXR sites in lysine- and arginine-rich regions.","volume":"288","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70321-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dutasteride in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"10","author":"Fernandez-Rhodes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8122","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00289-06","article-title":"Hormonal control of androgen receptor function through SIRT1.","volume":"26","author":"Fu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.023","article-title":"Specific N-terminal mutations in the human androgen receptor induce cytotoxicity.","volume":"30","author":"Funderburk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq861","article-title":"Regulation of the androgen receptor by SET9-mediated methylation.","volume":"39","author":"Gaughan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.07.004","article-title":"Post-translational modification of the androgen receptor.","volume":"352","author":"Gioeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0351","article-title":"Stress kinase signaling regulates androgen receptor phosphorylation, transcription, and localization.","volume":"20","author":"Gioeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu419","article-title":"Synergic prodegradative activity of Bicalutamide and trehalose on the mutant androgen receptor responsible for spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"24","author":"Giorgetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101363","article-title":"N-alpha-acetylation of Huntingtin protein increases its propensity to aggregate.","volume":"297","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30320-X","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of an IGF-1 mimetic in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"17","author":"Grunseich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.05.038","article-title":"Stem cell-derived motor neurons from spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy patients.","volume":"70","author":"Grunseich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101336","article-title":"Post-translational modifications: regulators of neurodegenerative proteinopathies.","volume":"68","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092250","article-title":"Mammalian sirtuins: biological insights and disease relevance.","volume":"5","author":"Haigis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2015.1025035","article-title":"Protein arginine methyltransferase 10 is required for androgen-dependent proliferation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells.","volume":"79","author":"Harada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00008.2014","article-title":"Neuronal SUMOylation: mechanisms, physiology, and roles in neuronal dysfunction.","volume":"94","author":"Henley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1615\/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.v12.i3.30","article-title":"The role of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer.","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.42.12.2300","article-title":"Strong correlation between the number of CAG repeats in androgen receptor genes and the clinical onset of features of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"42","author":"Igarashi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.01.017","article-title":"Regulation of DNA damage responses by ubiquitin and SUMO.","volume":"49","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp478","article-title":"SUMOylation attenuates the aggregation propensity and cellular toxicity of the polyglutamine expanded ataxin-7.","volume":"19","author":"Janer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7341","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.13.7341","article-title":"Identification of two transcription activation units in the N-terminal domain of the human androgen receptor.","volume":"270","author":"Jenster","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-2110-y","article-title":"Sirtuins and their roles in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"42","author":"Jesko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2012.02.006","article-title":"Toxic and non-toxic aggregates from the SBMA and normal forms of androgen receptor have distinct oligomeric structures.","volume":"1822","author":"Jochum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8703-z","article-title":"Beyond the glutamine expansion: influence of posttranslational modifications of ataxin-1 in the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1.","volume":"50","author":"Ju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9328","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3465-12.2013","article-title":"Polyglutamine disease toxicity is regulated by Nemo-like kinase in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1.","volume":"33","author":"Ju","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2015.01.012","article-title":"A key lysine residue in the AXH domain of ataxin-1 is essential for its ubiquitylation.","volume":"1854","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207691","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/207691","article-title":"Small changes huge impact: the role of protein posttranslational modifications in cellular homeostasis and disease.","volume":"2011","author":"Karve","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Amino Acids"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)00834-6","article-title":"Testosterone reduction prevents phenotypic expression in a transgenic mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"35","author":"Katsuno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.05.007","article-title":"Pathogenesis and therapy of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA).","volume":"99","author":"Katsuno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.18.7.671","article-title":"Progressive proximal spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy of late onset. A sex-linked recessive trait.","volume":"18","author":"Kennedy","year":"1968","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M004228200","article-title":"Synergistic enhancement of nuclear receptor function by p160 coactivators and two coactivators with protein methyltransferase activities.","volume":"276","author":"Koh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0194-9","article-title":"Unstable expansion of CAG repeat in hereditary dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA).","volume":"6","author":"Koide","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201010117","article-title":"Sumoylation inhibits alpha-synuclein aggregation and toxicity.","volume":"194","author":"Krumova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27569","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.46.27569","article-title":"Ligand-induced conformational alterations of the androgen receptor analyzed by limited trypsinization. Studies on the mechanism of antiandrogen action.","volume":"270","author":"Kuil","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B68","article-title":"Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy","author":"La Spada","year":"1993","journal-title":"GeneReviews((R))"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.6.959","article-title":"Androgen receptor YAC transgenic mice carrying CAG 45 alleles show trinucleotide repeat instability.","volume":"7","author":"La Spada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/352077a0","article-title":"Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"352","author":"La Spada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34918","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302841200","article-title":"Kennedy\u2019s disease. Phosphorylation of the polyglutamine-expanded form of androgen receptor regulates its cleavage by caspase-3 and enhances cell death.","volume":"278","author":"LaFevre-Bernt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.07.008","article-title":"Androgen receptor influences on body defense system via modulation of innate and adaptive immune systems: lessons from conditional AR knockout mice.","volume":"181","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M609972200","article-title":"Soluble androgen receptor oligomers underlie pathology in a mouse model of spinobulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"282","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.17.1967","article-title":"Altered transcriptional regulation in cells expressing the expanded polyglutamine androgen receptor.","volume":"11","author":"Lieberman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012857","article-title":"Polyglutamine repeats in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"14","author":"Lieberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7200","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121173298","article-title":"Akt suppresses androgen-induced apoptosis by phosphorylating and inhibiting androgen receptor.","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.49.4.1009","article-title":"The expansion of the CAG repeat in ataxin-2 is a frequent cause of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia.","volume":"49","author":"Lorenzetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90585-E","article-title":"A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on huntingtons-disease chromosomes.","volume":"72","author":"Macdonald","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1122-9","article-title":"Androgen-dependent impairment of myogenesis in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"126","author":"Malena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25903-w","article-title":"A human huntingtin SNP alters post-translational modification and pathogenic proteolysis of the protein causing Huntington disease.","volume":"8","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-030212-183656","article-title":"The androgen receptor in health and disease.","volume":"75","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvi118","article-title":"Study of androgen receptor functions by genetic models.","volume":"138","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.18.2103","article-title":"A mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"11","author":"McManamny","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.4.693","article-title":"Cleavage, aggregation and toxicity of the expanded androgen receptor in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"7","author":"Merry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2007.05.006","article-title":"PRMT2, a member of the protein arginine methyltransferase family, is a coactivator of the androgen receptor.","volume":"107","author":"Meyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1093-184","article-title":"Reduced transcriptional regulatory competence of the androgen receptor in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"5","author":"Mhatre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108980","article-title":"Huntingtin-mediated axonal transport requires arginine methylation by PRMT6.","volume":"35","author":"Migazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41046","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41046","article-title":"Beta-agonist stimulation ameliorates the phenotype of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy mice and patient-derived myotubes.","volume":"7","author":"Milioto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa115","article-title":"Arginine is a disease modifier for polyQ disease models that stabilizes polyQ protein conformation.","volume":"143","author":"Minakawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705501104","article-title":"Overexpression of wild-type androgen receptor in muscle recapitulates polyglutamine disease.","volume":"104","author":"Monks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17425","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3958-11.2011","article-title":"SIRT1 modulates aggregation and toxicity through deacetylation of the androgen receptor in cell models of SBMA.","volume":"31","author":"Montie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15134","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4720-09.2009","article-title":"Posttranslational modification of ataxin-7 at lysine 257 prevents autophagy-mediated turnover of an N-terminal caspase-7 cleavage fragment.","volume":"29","author":"Mookerjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21296","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.011494","article-title":"Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification of the androgen receptor attenuates polyglutamine-mediated aggregation.","volume":"284","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207415","article-title":"SUMO: a regulator of gene expression and genome integrity.","volume":"23","author":"Muller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.14.1441","article-title":"SCA17, a novel autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia caused by an expanded polyglutamine in TATA-binding protein.","volume":"10","author":"Nakamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI99042","article-title":"Androgen receptor polyglutamine expansion drives age-dependent quality control defects and muscle dysfunction.","volume":"128","author":"Nath","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.08.034","article-title":"Native functions of the androgen receptor are essential to pathogenesis in a Drosophila model of spinobulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"67","author":"Nedelsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35567","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.146845","article-title":"An interdomain interaction of the androgen receptor is required for its aggregation and toxicity in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"285","author":"Orr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113042","article-title":"Trinucleotide repeat disorders.","volume":"30","author":"Orr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0793-221","article-title":"Expansion of an unstable trinucleotide CAG repeat in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1.","volume":"4","author":"Orr","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm109","article-title":"Akt blocks ligand binding and protects against expanded polyglutamine androgen receptor toxicity.","volume":"16","author":"Palazzolo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22389","article-title":"B2 attenuates polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor toxicity in cell and fly models of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"88","author":"Palazzolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.07.019","article-title":"Overexpression of IGF-1 in muscle attenuates disease in a mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"63","author":"Palazzolo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-015-0677-4","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo modeling of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"58","author":"Pennuto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R40","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn412","article-title":"Post-translational modifications of expanded polyglutamine proteins: impact on neurotoxicity.","volume":"18","author":"Pennuto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e134565","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134565","article-title":"Deubiquitinase USP7 contributes to the pathogenicity of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"131","author":"Pluciennik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370ra181","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf9526","article-title":"Adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide reduces phosphorylation and toxicity of the polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor in spinobulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"8","author":"Polanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0663-0","article-title":"SET SUMOylation promotes its cytoplasmic retention and induces tau pathology and cognitive impairments.","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"baab012","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baab012","article-title":"Posttranslational modifications in proteins: resources, tools and prediction methods.","volume":"2021","author":"Ramazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6444","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3599-14.2015","article-title":"Distinct etiological roles for myocytes and motor neurons in a mouse model of kennedy\u2019s disease\/spinobulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"35","author":"Ramzan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab351","article-title":"Interaction of huntingtin (HTT) with PRMTs and its subsequent arginine methylation affects HTT solubility, phase transition behavior and neuronal toxicity.","volume":"31","author":"Ratovitski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2012.00271","article-title":"Insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-1 administration ameliorates disease manifestations in a mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"18","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41998","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302460200","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a ligand-regulated nuclear export signal in androgen receptor.","volume":"278","author":"Saporita","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.031","article-title":"Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 enhances polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor function and toxicity in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"85","author":"Scaramuzzino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4758","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401123101","article-title":"Structural basis of androgen receptor binding to selective androgen response elements.","volume":"101","author":"Shaffer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/s1097-2765(02)00471-9","article-title":"Formation of the androgen receptor transcription complex.","volume":"9","author":"Shang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.1.133","article-title":"Motoneuronal cell death is not correlated with aggregate formation of androgen receptors containing an elongated polyglutamine tract.","volume":"9","author":"Simeoni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(04)00082-0","article-title":"Androgen receptor YAC transgenic mice recapitulate SBMA motor neuronopathy and implicate VEGF164 in the motor neuron degeneration.","volume":"41","author":"Sopher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.08.012","article-title":"Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: skeletal muscle pathology in male patients and heterozygous females.","volume":"264","author":"Soraru","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092194","article-title":"SUMO modification of Huntingtin and Huntington\u2019s disease pathology.","volume":"304","author":"Steffan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.5.731","article-title":"Polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptors form aggregates that sequester heat shock proteins, proteasome components and SRC-1, and are suppressed by the HDJ-2 chaperone.","volume":"8","author":"Stenoien","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2021.07.004","article-title":"Post-translational modifications on RNA-binding proteins: accelerators, brakes, or passengers in neurodegeneration?","volume":"47","author":"Sternburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2016.1211214","article-title":"Macromolecular crowding effect is critical for maintaining SIRT1\u2019s nuclear localization in cancer cells.","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809819106","article-title":"Aberrant E2F activation by polyglutamine expansion of androgen receptor in SBMA neurotoxicity.","volume":"106","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm289","article-title":"CAG repeat size correlates to electrophysiological motor and sensory phenotypes in SBMA.","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.39","article-title":"Ubiquitin modifications.","volume":"26","author":"Swatek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)00875-9","article-title":"Androgen-dependent neurodegeneration by polyglutamine-expanded human androgen receptor in Drosophila.","volume":"35","author":"Takeyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110417","article-title":"A genome-scale CRISPR screen reveals PRMT1 as a critical regulator of androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer.","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rs4","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2001484","article-title":"Comparative proteomic analysis identifies a role for SUMO in protein quality control.","volume":"4","author":"Tatham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8389","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311761200","article-title":"Androgen receptor acetylation site mutations cause trafficking defects, misfolding, and aggregation similar to expanded glutamine tracts.","volume":"279","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e08493","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08493","article-title":"Nemo-like kinase is a novel regulator of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"4","author":"Todd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.63.070194.002315","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid\/thyroid receptor superfamily members.","volume":"63","author":"Tsai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)00211-5","article-title":"Enhanced SUMOylation in polyglutamine diseases.","volume":"293","author":"Ueda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2018.02.015","article-title":"SUMOylation, aging and autophagy in neurodegeneration.","volume":"66","author":"Vijayakumaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104781","article-title":"ility, protein levels and neuronal toxicity.","volume":"137","author":"Vinueza-Gavilanes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50855","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209466200","article-title":"Ligand promotes intranuclear inclusions in a novel cell model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.","volume":"277","author":"Walcott","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B137","first-page":"211","article-title":"Protein ubiquitination: a regulatory post-translational modification.","volume":"2","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anticancer Drug Des."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2010-0138","article-title":"Research resource: the androgen receptor modulates expression of genes with critical roles in muscle development and function.","volume":"24","author":"Wyce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3510587","article-title":"Aberrant phosphorylation of dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) protein complex in brain tissue.","author":"Yazawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28773","article-title":"Androgen-dependent pathology demonstrates myopathic contribution to the Kennedy disease phenotype in a mouse knock-in model.","volume":"116","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.11.019","article-title":"Preventing the androgen receptor n\/c interaction delays disease onset in a mouse model of SBMA.","volume":"13","author":"Zboray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36806-0","article-title":"A ligand-dependent bipartite nuclear targeting signal in the human androgen receptor. Requirement for the DNA-binding domain and modulation by NH2-terminal and carboxyl-terminal sequences.","volume":"269","author":"Zhou","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnmol.2022.931301\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T23:05:18Z","timestamp":1654383918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnmol.2022.931301\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"references-count":142,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnmol.2022.931301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2022.931301","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"article-number":"931301"}}