{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:02:01Z","timestamp":1782892921850,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autophagy is a conserved physiological intracellular mechanism responsible for the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents (e.g., damaged organelles, and protein aggregates) to maintain cell homeostasis. Aberrant autophagy has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington\u2019s Disease (HD), and recently aberrant autophagy has been associated with mood disorders, such as depression. Several <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> methods have been developed to study the complex and tightly regulated mechanisms of autophagy. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> methods applied to autophagy research are used to identify molecular key players involved in dysfunctional autophagy and to screen autophagy regulators with therapeutic applications in neurological diseases and mood disorders. Therefore, the aims of this narrative review are (1) to compile information on the cell-based methods used in autophagy research, (2) to discuss their application, and (3) to create a catalog of traditional and novel <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> methods applied in neurodegenerative diseases and depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pubmed and Google Scholar were used to retrieve relevant <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> studies on autophagy mechanisms in neurological diseases and depression using a combination of search terms per mechanism and disease (e.g., \u201cmacroautophagy\u201d and \u201cAlzheimer\u2019s disease\u201d). A total of 37 studies were included (14 in PD, 8 in AD, 5 in ALS, 5 in %, and 5 in depression).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A repertoire of traditional and novel approaches and techniques was compiled and discussed. The methods used in autophagy research focused on the mechanisms of macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> tools presented in this review can be applied to explore pathophysiological mechanisms at a molecular level and to screen for potential therapeutic agents and their mechanism of action, which can be of great importance to understanding disease biology and potential therapeutic options in the context of neurodegenerative disorders and depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first review to compile, discuss, and provide a catalog of traditional and novel <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> models applied to neurodegenerative disorders and depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1168948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T04:52:57Z","timestamp":1681275177000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In vitro methods in autophagy research: Applications in neurodegenerative diseases and mood disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dalinda Isabel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Vida\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Abokyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackie Ngai-Man","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley Pui-Ching","family":"Ngai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson Wui-Man","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01352","article-title":"Autophagy and LRRK2 in the aging brain","volume":"13","author":"Albanese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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