{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T14:12:50Z","timestamp":1791727970229,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a recurrent pain condition that can be challenging to treat. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has become a promising non-invasive therapeutic option in alleviating FMS pain, but the mechanisms underlying its effectiveness are not yet fully understood. In this article, we discuss the most current research investigating the analgesic effects of tDCS on FMS and discuss the potential mechanisms. TDCS may exert its analgesic effects by influencing neuronal activity in the brain, altering cortical excitability, changing regional cerebral blood flow, modulating neurotransmission and neuroinflammation, and inducing neuroplasticity. Overall, evidence points to tDCS as a potentially safe and efficient pain relief choice for FMS by multiple underlying mechanisms. This article provides a thorough overview of our ongoing knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying tDCS and emphasizes the possibility of further studies to improve the clinical utility of tDCS as a pain management tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1269636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T04:14:34Z","timestamp":1706588074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Hao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Yan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.10.008","article-title":"AAPT diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia.","volume":"20","author":"Arnold","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S172920","article-title":"The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on metabolite changes at the anterior cingulate cortex in neuropathic pain: a pilot study.","volume":"11","author":"Auvichayapat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.03.009","article-title":"Impact of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF polymorphisms on response to sertraline versus transcranial direct current stimulation: implications for the serotonergic system.","volume":"23","author":"Brunoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3322-3","article-title":"Cytokines plasma levels during antidepressant treatment with sertraline and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial.","volume":"231","author":"Brunoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.06.003","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers in a placebo-controlled trial comparing tDCS and escitalopram efficacy in major depression.","volume":"86","author":"Brunoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.12.010","article-title":"tDCS-induced modulation of GABA concentration and dopamine release in the human brain: a combination study of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography.","volume":"14","author":"Bunai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.09.009","article-title":"Clinically effective treatment of fibromyalgia pain with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation: phase II open-label dose optimization.","volume":"17","author":"Castillo-Saavedra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.11.002","article-title":"Impact of bifrontal home-based transcranial direct current stimulation in pain catastrophizing and disability due to pain in fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind sham-controlled study.","volume":"23","author":"Caumo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"B9","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochemistry, endorphin."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182408f04","article-title":"Disrupted functional connectivity of the pain network in fibromyalgia.","volume":"74","author":"Cifre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2011.0206","article-title":"The science of fibromyalgia.","volume":"86","author":"Clauw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732312452938","article-title":"Beyond PICO: the Spider tool for qualitative evidence synthesis.","volume":"22","author":"Cooke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-0934-0","article-title":"Changes in resting state functional connectivity after repetitive transcranial direct current stimulation applied to motor cortex in fibromyalgia patients.","volume":"18","author":"Cummiford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0493-8","article-title":"Occipital nerve field transcranial direct current stimulation normalizes imbalance between pain detecting and pain inhibitory pathways in fibromyalgia.","volume":"14","author":"De Ridder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2019","article-title":"High-definition tDCS to the right temporoparietal junction modulates slow-wave resting state power and coherence in healthy adults.","volume":"122","author":"Donaldson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00093","article-title":"Immediate effects of tDCS on the \u03bc-opioid system of a chronic pain patient.","volume":"3","author":"DosSantos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2368386","article-title":"The contribution of endogenous modulatory systems to TMS- and tDCS-induced analgesia: evidence from PET studies.","volume":"2018","author":"DosSantos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.0000000000000006","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation as a treatment for patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"156","author":"Fagerlund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1076","article-title":"Altered theta oscillations in resting EEG of fibromyalgia syndrome patients.","volume":"22","author":"Fallon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.03.013","article-title":"Exploring and optimizing the neuroplastic effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex of older humans.","volume":"14","author":"Farnad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2014.0274","article-title":"Fibromyalgia is associated with decreased connectivity between pain-and sensorimotor brain areas.","volume":"4","author":"Flodin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy093","article-title":"Frontal transcranial direct current stimulation induces dopamine release in the ventral striatum in human.","volume":"28","author":"Fonteneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2021.03.002","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in the management of patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"51","author":"Forogh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041219","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia: critical review and future perspectives.","volume":"9","author":"Galvez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214992","article-title":"DNA methylation changes in fibromyalgia suggest the role of the immune-inflammatory response and central sensitization.","volume":"10","author":"Gerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110119","article-title":"Effects of tDCS on neuroplasticity and inflammatory biomarkers in bipolar depression: results from a sham-controlled study.","volume":"105","author":"Goerigk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.053264","article-title":"Clinical correlate of brain SPECT perfusion abnormalities in fibromyalgia.","volume":"49","author":"Guedj","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00028","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation ameliorates cognitive impairment via modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy in a rat model of vascular dementia.","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123070","article-title":"Fibromyalgia pathophysiology.","volume":"10","author":"Gyorfi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3136","article-title":"Elevated excitatory neurotransmitter levels in the fibromyalgia brain.","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2018.20.1\/whauser","article-title":"Facts and myths pertaining to fibromyalgia.","volume":"20","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.08.003","article-title":"The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) electrode size and current intensity on motor cortical excitability: evidence from single and repeated sessions.","volume":"9","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew205","article-title":"The effects of add-on non-invasive brain stimulation in fibromyalgia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"55","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06133-y","article-title":"Gender influence on clinical manifestations, depressive symptoms and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serum levels in patients affected by fibromyalgia.","volume":"41","author":"Iannuccelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5935\/1806-0013.20150008","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia: effects on pain and quality of life evaluated clinically and by brain perfusion scintigraphy.","volume":"16","author":"Jales Junior","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Dor"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj9837","article-title":"Developing nociceptor-selective treatments for acute and chronic pain.","volume":"13","author":"Jayakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-8-32","article-title":"Patients with fibromyalgia display less functional connectivity in the brain\u2019s pain inhibitory network.","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69131-7","article-title":"Effects of add-on transcranial direct current stimulation on pain in Korean patients with fibromyalgia.","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.06.006","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on pain, mood and serum endorphin level in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a double blinded, randomized clinical trial.","volume":"10","author":"Khedr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420958629","article-title":"Neural oscillations: understanding a neural code of pain.","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-021-00819-9","article-title":"Brain is modulated by neuronal plasticity during postnatal development.","volume":"71","author":"Kourosh-Arami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.10.001","article-title":"Direct current stimulation modulates LTP and LTD: activity dependence and dendritic effects.","volume":"10","author":"Kronberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200012)43:12<2823::AID-ANR24>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow in fibromyalgia: single-photon\u2013emission computed tomography evidence of reduction in the pontine tegmentum and thalami.","volume":"43","author":"Kwiatek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12111569","article-title":"Effect of single session of anodal M1 transcranial direct current stimulation\u2014TDCS\u2014On cortical hemodynamic activity: a pilot study in fibromyalgia.","volume":"12","author":"La Rocca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2019.07.013","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of tDCS: a brief and practical overview.","volume":"49","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).","volume":"128","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201091","article-title":"Effects of high definition-transcranial direct current stimulation on local GABA and glutamate levels among older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment: an exploratory study.","volume":"84","author":"Lengu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2022.04.005","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A combined with transcranial direct current stimulation reverses the chronic pain induced by osteoarthritis in rats.","volume":"212","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S333454","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation alleviates the chronic pain of osteoarthritis by modulating NMDA receptors in midbrain periaqueductal gray in rats.","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf238","article-title":"Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability.","volume":"125","author":"Liebetanz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2020.01.003","article-title":"Is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effective for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia? A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Lloyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"B52","article-title":"Forced-exercise and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) provide antinociceptive effects and modulate inflammatory and neurotrophic parameters in the spinal cord in a chronic pain model: long-term effects","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the XLII Reuni\u00e3o Anual da SBNeC"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.02.025","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with exercise modulates the inflammatory profile and hyperalgesic response in rats subjected to a neuropathic pain model: long-term effects.","volume":"13","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.01.037","article-title":"Influence of transcranial direct current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on pain related emotions: a study using electroencephalographic power spectrum analysis.","volume":"512","author":"Maeoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.06.029","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation associated with functional exercise program for treating fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"103","author":"Matias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.11.011","article-title":"IL-8 and IL-6 primarily mediate the inflammatory response in fibromyalgia patients.","volume":"290","author":"Mendieta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.12.015","article-title":"Transcranial DC stimulation in fibromyalgia: optimized cortical target supported by high-resolution computational models.","volume":"12","author":"Mendonca","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00068","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with aerobic exercise to optimize analgesic responses in fibromyalgia: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.","volume":"10","author":"Mendonca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15430","article-title":"Central sensitivity and fibromyalgia.","volume":"51","author":"Mezhov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internal Med. J."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0204-19.2019","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces adrenergic receptor-dependent microglial morphological changes in mice.","volume":"6","author":"Mishima","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.04.016","article-title":"Titrating the neuroplastic effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex.","volume":"119","author":"Mosayebi Samani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans.","volume":"553","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.076","article-title":"Excitability modulation of the motor system induced by transcranial direct current stimulation: a multimodal approach.","volume":"83","author":"Pellicciari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050","article-title":"Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews.","volume":"13","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21380","article-title":"Modulating cortico-striatal and thalamo-cortical functional connectivity with transcranial direct current stimulation.","volume":"33","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001707","article-title":"Upregulation of cortical GABAA receptor concentration in fibromyalgia.","volume":"161","author":"Pomares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.04.028","article-title":"The contribution of sensory system functional connectivity reduction to clinical pain in fibromyalgia.","volume":"155","author":"Pujol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.908133","article-title":"Pain reduction in fibromyalgia syndrome through pairing transcranial direct current stimulation and mindfulness meditation: a randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled pilot clinical trial.","volume":"9","author":"Ramasawmy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135162","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) affects neuroinflammation parameters and behavioral seizure activity in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in rats.","volume":"735","author":"Regner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000901","article-title":"Pain matters for central sensitization: sensory and psychological parameters in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.","volume":"6","author":"Rehm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2174\/1874312901105010045","article-title":"Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation coupled with a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for the treatment of fibromyalgia.","volume":"5","author":"Riberto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Rheumatol. J."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2007.00152.x","article-title":"Site-specific effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on sleep and pain in fibromyalgia: a randomized, sham-controlled study.","volume":"7","author":"Roizenblatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2174\/1874226201003010009","article-title":"Preliminary evidence of increased pain and elevated cytokines in fibromyalgia patients with defective growth hormone response to exercise.","volume":"3","author":"Ross","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Immunol. J."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03116-w","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces analgesia in rats with neuropathic pain and alcohol abstinence.","volume":"45","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.136014","article-title":"Bimodal transcranial direct current stimulation reduces alcohol consumption and induces long-term neurochemical changes in rats with neuropathic pain.","volume":"759","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.05.010","article-title":"Striatal grey matter increase in patients suffering from fibromyalgia\u2013a voxel-based morphometry study.","author":"Schmidt-Wilcke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000633","article-title":"Endogenous opioidergic dysregulation of pain in fibromyalgia: a PET and fMRI study.","volume":"157","author":"Schrepf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00183","article-title":"A comparison between uni- and bilateral tDCS effects on functional connectivity of the human motor cortex.","volume":"7","author":"Sehm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000295","article-title":"Basal ganglia perfusion in fibromyalgia is related to pain disability and disease impact: an Arterial Spin Labeling Study.","volume":"32","author":"Shokouhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00185-w","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates attention and pain in fibromyalgia: randomized clinical trial.","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083891","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: pathogenesis, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment options update.","volume":"22","author":"Siracusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000987","article-title":"Changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor from active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation in older adults with knee osteoarthritis.","volume":"37","author":"Suchting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.044","article-title":"The analgesic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of potential influencers of clinical effect.","volume":"26","author":"Teixeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.1.121","article-title":"Altered spinal excitability in patients with primary fibromyalgia: a case-control study.","volume":"17","author":"Thabit","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00353","article-title":"Mast cells, neuroinflammation and pain in fibromyalgia syndrome.","volume":"13","author":"Theoharides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1714-y","article-title":"Differential effects of bifrontal and occipital nerve stimulation on pain and fatigue using transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia patients.","volume":"124","author":"To","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation.","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Internal Med."},{"key":"B88","first-page":"S68","article-title":"Hyperexcitability in pain matrices in patients with fibromyalgia.","author":"Truini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.01.012","article-title":"A study of brain metabolism in fibromyalgia by positron emission tomography.","volume":"75","author":"Usui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B90","first-page":"353","article-title":"Efficacy of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the treatment of fibromyalgia: results of a randomized, sham-controlled longitudinal clinical trial.","volume":"2","author":"Valle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pain Manag."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00962-6","article-title":"tDCS peripheral nerve stimulation: a neglected mode of action?","volume":"26","author":"van Boekholdt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43356-7_21","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in anxiety disorders","author":"Vicario","year":"2020","journal-title":"Non invasive brain stimulation in psychiatry and clinical neurosciences"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.12.007","article-title":"Focal modulation of the primary motor cortex in fibromyalgia using 4\u00d71-ring high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS): immediate and delayed analgesic effects of cathodal and anodal stimulation.","volume":"14","author":"Villamar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683221124116","article-title":"Transcranial-direct-current-stimulation accelerates motor recovery after cortical infarction in mice: the interplay of structural cellular responses and functional recovery.","volume":"36","author":"Walter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.05.020","article-title":"A novel use for testosterone to treat central sensitization of chronic pain in fibromyalgia patients.","volume":"27","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04152","article-title":"Association between smoking and incident back pain: a prospective cohort study with 438 510 participants.","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000552","article-title":"Adding prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation before occipital nerve stimulation in fibromyalgia.","volume":"34","author":"Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.11.012","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation induces hippocampal metaplasticity mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor.","volume":"144","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279340","article-title":"Anodal and cathodal tDCS modulate neural activity and selectively affect GABA and glutamate syntheses in the visual cortex of cats.","volume":"598","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.018","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on human regional cerebral blood flow.","volume":"58","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.015","article-title":"Association of persistent musculoskeletal pain with dementia risk score in adults aged 45 years or older: the China health and retirement longitudinal study.","volume":"116","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01218","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation to improve the dysfunction of descending pain modulatory system related to opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an integrative review of neurobiology and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Zortea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1269636\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T04:14:40Z","timestamp":1706588080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1269636\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1269636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1269636","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"article-number":"1269636"}}