{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:17:35Z","timestamp":1790083055487,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>An unprecedented extension of life expectancy observed during the past century drastically increased the number of patients diagnosed with Parkinson\u2019s diseases (PD) worldwide. Estimated costs of PD alone reached $52 billion per year, making effective neuroprotective treatments an urgent and unmet need. Current treatments of both AD and PD focus on mitigating the symptoms associated with these pathologies and are not neuroprotective. In this review, we discuss the most advanced therapeutic strategies that can be used to treat PD. We also critically review the shift of the therapeutic paradigm from a small molecule-based inhibition of protein aggregation to the utilization of natural degradation pathways and immune cells that are capable of degrading toxic amyloid deposits in the brain of PD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1431079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T01:17:11Z","timestamp":1723166231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Novel strategies in Parkinson\u2019s disease treatment: a review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Charles L.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kurouski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00604-y","article-title":"Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases","volume":"9","author":"Altay","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115408","article-title":"Targeted protein degradation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: advances and future perspective","volume":"166","author":"Amirian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x","article-title":"Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"129","author":"Amor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MR0718-299R","article-title":"Senescent cells: living or dying is a matter of NK cells","volume":"105","author":"Antonangeli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)03082-1","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein-positive structures in cases with sporadic Alzheimer's disease: morphology and its relationship to tau aggregation","volume":"888","author":"Arai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0313","article-title":"Glial cells in neuronal network function","volume":"365","author":"Araque","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"United States life tables 2020","author":"Arias","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"879","article-title":"Aggregation of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies of sporadic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"152","author":"Baba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141448","article-title":"Adapting proteostasis for disease intervention","volume":"319","author":"Balch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2741\/S415","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: a review","volume":"6","author":"Beitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Schol. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000495813","article-title":"Ageing population: A neurological challenge","volume":"52","author":"Bejot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3516-14.2015","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT3 pathway is a common inducer of astrocyte reactivity in Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases","volume":"35","author":"Ben Haim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.4065\/80.10.1326","article-title":"Neuron-astrocyte interactions: partnership for normal function and disease in the central nervous system","volume":"80","author":"Benarroch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01399","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein physiology and pathology: A perspective on cellular structures and organelles","volume":"13","author":"Bernal-Conde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001252","article-title":"Glymphatic system dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"37","author":"Beschorner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28873","article-title":"Gene therapy of metachromatic leukodystrophy reverses neurological damage and deficits in mice","volume":"116","author":"Biffi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.109","article-title":"Promoting the clearance of neurotoxic proteins in neurodegenerative disorders of ageing","volume":"17","author":"Boland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041918","article-title":"Inhibition of astroglial nuclear factor kappaB reduces inflammation and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"202","author":"Brambilla","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11061017","article-title":"Aging of the immune system: focus on natural killer cells phenotype and functions","volume":"11","author":"Brauning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12125","article-title":"Properties of native brain alpha-synuclein","volume":"498","author":"Burre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05672-9","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies: from overt neurodegeneration back to early synaptic dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Calabresi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105373","article-title":"The roles of galectin-3 and galectin-4 in the idiopatic Parkinson disease and its progression","volume":"184","author":"Cengiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.05.043","article-title":"The complex STATes of astrocyte reactivity: how are they controlled by the JAK-STAT3 pathway?","volume":"330","author":"Ceyzeriat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"S87","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: health-related quality of life, economic cost, and implications of early treatment","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.08.033","article-title":"Microglia esprit de corps: sharing the burden of eliminating toxic aggregates","volume":"184","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90609","article-title":"CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"127","author":"Chitnis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10367","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10367","article-title":"Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease therapies in the clinic","volume":"8","author":"Chopade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2854-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of protein toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"75","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv130","article-title":"Lifespan and Healthspan: past, present, and promise","volume":"55","author":"Crimmins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-044908","article-title":"Proteasomal and Autophagic degradation systems","volume":"86","author":"Dikic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12131","article-title":"Design and development of therapies using chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells","volume":"257","author":"Dotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00314","article-title":"Elucidation of secondary structure and toxicity of alpha-Synuclein oligomers and fibrils grown in the presence of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine","volume":"14","author":"Dou","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8645","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228645","article-title":"The role of alpha-Synuclein oligomers in Parkinson's disease","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-00505-7","article-title":"The role of natural killer cells in Parkinson's disease","volume":"52","author":"Earls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909110117","article-title":"NK cells clear alpha-synuclein and the depletion of NK cells exacerbates synuclein pathology in a mouse model of alpha-synucleinopathy","volume":"117","author":"Earls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20121","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.32.20121","article-title":"Selective enrichment of tetraspan proteins on the internal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes and on exosomes secreted by human B-lymphocytes","volume":"273","author":"Escola","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0694-6","article-title":"Effects of astrocyte on neuronal outgrowth in a layered 3D structure","volume":"18","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102394","article-title":"A shared, stochastic pathway mediates exosome protein budding along plasma and endosome membranes","volume":"298","author":"Fordjour","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0158-7","article-title":"Calcineurin and glial signaling: neuroinflammation and beyond","volume":"11","author":"Furman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4827","article-title":"Direct observation of the three regions in alpha-synuclein that determine its membrane-bound behaviour","volume":"5","author":"Fusco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.07.012","article-title":"Human Hsp70 Disaggregase reverses Parkinson's-linked alpha-Synuclein amyloid fibrils","volume":"59","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01173-2","article-title":"The PROTAC gold rush","volume":"40","author":"Garber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624983","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.624983","article-title":"Glial cells in Glaucoma: friends, foes, and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Bermudez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1722-x","article-title":"Endocytic vesicle rupture is a conserved mechanism of cellular invasion by amyloid proteins","volume":"134","author":"Garcia-Revilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02585-x","article-title":"Galectin-3 shapes toxic alpha-synuclein strains in Parkinson's disease","volume":"146","author":"Garcia-Revilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-021-00169-5","article-title":"Longevity leap: mind the healthspan gap","volume":"6","author":"Garmany","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00303","article-title":"Autoimmunity in Parkinson's disease: the role of alpha-Synuclein-specific T cells","volume":"10","author":"Garretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"\u03b1","author":"George","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-020-0469-1","article-title":"Unifying principles of bifunctional, proximity-inducing small molecules","volume":"16","author":"Gerry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-00030-0","article-title":"Effects of curcumin on microglial cells","volume":"36","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.007","article-title":"The role of astrocytes in CNS inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00703-1","article-title":"Brain clearance of protein aggregates: a close-up on astrocytes","volume":"19","author":"Giusti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration","volume":"140","author":"Glass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.242","article-title":"100 years of Lewy pathology","volume":"9","author":"Goedert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48984","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208194200","article-title":"Golgi fragmentation occurs in the cells with prefibrillar alpha-synuclein aggregates and precedes the formation of fibrillar inclusion","volume":"277","author":"Gosavi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.01.014","article-title":"New insights on the structure of alpha-synuclein fibrils using cryo-electron microscopy","volume":"61","author":"Guerrero-Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.31486\/toj.19.0033","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cells: the future of Cancer immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Habib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521000490","article-title":"Curcumin induces mitochondrial biogenesis by increasing cyclic AMP levels via phosphodiesterase 4A inhibition in skeletal muscle","volume":"126","author":"Hamidie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e300","article-title":"Psychiatric manifestation in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"33","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020144","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: current and potential therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030389","article-title":"Galectin-3 as a next-generation biomarker for detecting early stage of various diseases","volume":"10","author":"Hara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2013.04.003","article-title":"The impact of ageing on natural killer cell function and potential consequences for health in older adults","volume":"12","author":"Hazeldine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104712","article-title":"Characterization of novel conformation-selective alpha-synuclein antibodies as potential immunotherapeutic agents for Parkinson's disease","volume":"136","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2015.12.005","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates motor impairment and neuroinflammation in the MPTP-probenecid-induced parkinsonism mouse model by targeting alpha-synuclein abnormalities in the substantia nigra","volume":"243","author":"Heng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7231","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1709-08.2008","article-title":"STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and scar formation after spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Herrmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00368-6","article-title":"Initiation and propagation of alpha-synuclein aggregation in the nervous system","volume":"15","author":"Hijaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020230","article-title":"Role of human galectins in inflammation and cancers associated with endometriosis","volume":"10","author":"Hisrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5497046","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5497046","article-title":"Proteostasis failure in neurodegenerative diseases: focus on oxidative stress","volume":"2020","author":"Hohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4654","article-title":"Genetically modified pig models for neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"238","author":"Holm","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02431-y","article-title":"Protein clearance strategies for disease intervention","volume":"129","author":"Hommen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.01.043","article-title":"Activation of the unfolded protein response in Parkinson's disease","volume":"354","author":"Hoozemans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2022.102379","article-title":"Advances in computational structure-based antibody design","volume":"74","author":"Hummer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.17912\/micropub.biology.000842","DOI":"10.17912\/micropub.biology.000842","article-title":"The large extracellular loop is important for recruiting CD63 to exosomes","volume":"2023","author":"Ivanusic","year":"2023","journal-title":"MicroPubl. Biol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00024","article-title":"Glial cells and their function in the adult brain: A journey through the history of their ablation","volume":"11","author":"Jakel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jcs208884","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.208884","article-title":"Galectins at a glance","volume":"131","author":"Johannes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6478","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051207","article-title":"Intercellular communication in the brain through tunneling nanotubes","volume":"14","author":"Khattar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2020.53.4.020","article-title":"Non-classical role of Galectin-3 in cancer progression: translocation to nucleus by carbohydrate-recognition independent manner","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-014-0073-2","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein biology in Lewy body diseases","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23305","article-title":"Brain stem pathology in Parkinson's disease: an evaluation of the Braak staging model","volume":"25","author":"Kingsbury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15586\/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch5","article-title":"Animal models of Parkinson's disease","volume-title":"Parkinson's disease: Pathogenesis and clinical aspects","author":"Konnova","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(87)90502-X","article-title":"Expression of chimeric receptor composed of immunoglobulin-derived V regions and T-cell receptor-derived C regions","volume":"149","author":"Kuwana","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577758","article-title":"The involvement of JAK\/STAT signaling pathway in the treatment of Parkinson's disease","volume":"361","author":"Lashgari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01112-6","article-title":"Aryloxypropanolamine targets amyloid aggregates and reverses Alzheimer-like phenotypes in Alzheimer mouse models","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2210","article-title":"Focal transplantation-based astrocyte replacement is neuroprotective in a model of motor neuron disease","volume":"11","author":"Lepore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2016.12.006","article-title":"Global manufacturing of CAR T cell therapy","volume":"4","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.10.015","article-title":"Galectin-1 attenuates neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease model by modulating microglial MAPK\/IkappaB\/NFkappaB axis through its carbohydrate-recognition domain","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070994","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein conformational plasticity: physiologic states, pathologic strains, and biotechnological applications","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f03db4","article-title":"Localization of alpha-synuclein to mitochondria within midbrain of mice","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2015.02.002","article-title":"Neuronal aggregates: formation, clearance, and spreading","volume":"32","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"607","article-title":"Naloxone protects rat dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory damage through inhibition of microglia activation and superoxide generation","volume":"293","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202201_27889","article-title":"The neuroprotective effects of Galectin-1 on Parkinson's disease via regulation of Nrf2 expression","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00829-7","article-title":"The role of galectins in immunity and infection","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00033-6","article-title":"Naloxone prevents microglia-induced degeneration of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons in adult rats","volume":"97","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03015-9","article-title":"Taming microglia: the promise of engineered microglia in treating neurological diseases","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.030","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid attenuates inflammatory responses through inhibiting HMGB1\/TLR4\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"223","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.07.017","article-title":"Cell reprogramming approaches in gene- and cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease","volume":"286","author":"Man","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-08-02804.1988","article-title":"Synuclein: a neuron-specific protein localized to the nucleus and presynaptic nerve terminal","volume":"8","author":"Maroteaux","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01288-2","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein from patient Lewy bodies exhibits distinct pathological activity that can be propagated in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Marotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121585","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of targeting galectins - A biomaterials-focused perspective","volume":"286","author":"Martin-Saldana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0329-1","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein structure and Parkinson's disease - lessons and emerging principles","volume":"14","author":"Meade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21362","article-title":"Elegans neurons jettison protein aggregates and mitochondria under neurotoxic stress","volume":"542","author":"Melentijevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223212","article-title":"New insights and implications of natural killer cells in Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Menees","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.01.004","article-title":"Cellular handling of protein aggregates by disaggregation machines","volume":"69","author":"Mogk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-00470-5","article-title":"CAR-T therapy for multiple sclerosis enters US trials for first time","author":"Mullard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9676","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013478","article-title":"Disassembly of tau fibrils by the human Hsp70 disaggregation machinery generates small seeding-competent species","volume":"295","author":"Nachman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-022-00302-y","article-title":"Composition of the infiltrating immune cells in the brain of healthy individuals: effect of aging","volume":"19","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.10.005","article-title":"Antibody approaches to treat brain diseases","volume":"34","author":"Neves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.031","article-title":"Hidalgo, A network of macrophages supports mitochondrial homeostasis in the heart","volume":"183","author":"Nicolas-Avila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180199","article-title":"Immune cells and CNS physiology: microglia and beyond","volume":"216","author":"Norris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202914666131210205839","article-title":"Mutations in PRKN and SNCA genes important for the Progress of Parkinson's disease","volume":"14","author":"Oczkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Genomics"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-051113-024537","article-title":"The JAK-STAT pathway: impact on human disease and therapeutic intervention","volume":"66","author":"O'Shea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15010076","article-title":"Exosomes in Parkinson: revisiting their pathologic role and potential applications","volume":"15","author":"Ouerdane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3161","article-title":"Immune surveillance in the central nervous system","volume":"15","author":"Ousman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-230284","article-title":"Astrocytes and alpha-Synuclein: friend or foe?","volume":"13","author":"Ozoran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03941-1","article-title":"Morphological diversity of single neurons in molecularly defined cell types","volume":"598","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-018-0539-9","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.173060","article-title":"Classic and evolving animal models in Parkinson's disease","volume":"199","author":"Pingale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15288","article-title":"Exosomes in Parkinson disease","volume":"157","author":"Pinnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.05.022","article-title":"High-throughput analysis of hematopoietic stem cell engraftment after intravenous and intracerebroventricular dosing","volume":"30","author":"Plasschaert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax3769","article-title":"Cellular quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy","volume":"366","author":"Pohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref123","first-page":"96","article-title":"Eukaryotic genome complexity","volume":"1","author":"Pray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Educ."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201302878","article-title":"Delayed transplantation of precursor cell-derived astrocytes provides multiple benefits in a rat model of Parkinsons","volume":"6","author":"Proschel","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5144","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4658-15.2016","article-title":"Inhibition of the JAK\/STAT pathway protects against alpha-Synuclein-induced Neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration","volume":"36","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2007.09.002","article-title":"Functions of cell surface galectin-glycoprotein lattices","volume":"17","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081062","article-title":"Association between galectin levels and neurodegenerative diseases: systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ramos-Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080265","article-title":"Astrocytic oxidative\/Nitrosative stress contributes to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis: the dual role of reactive astrocytes","volume":"8","author":"Rizor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15368","article-title":"Structure of the toxic core of alpha-synuclein from invisible crystals","volume":"525","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01776-7","article-title":"Astrocytes have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells in the Parkinson's disease brain","volume":"17","author":"Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02158-3","article-title":"Crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia results in increased degradation of alpha-synuclein and amyloid-beta aggregates","volume":"18","author":"Rostami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.01.013","article-title":"Involvement of p38 MAPK in reactive astrogliosis induced by ischemic stroke","volume":"1551","author":"Roy Choudhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36058-2","article-title":"The AAA+ chaperone VCP disaggregates tau fibrils and generates aggregate seeds in a cellular system","volume":"14","author":"Saha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00892-5","article-title":"A review on the safety of using JAK inhibitors in dermatology: clinical and laboratory monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Samuel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-1-6","article-title":"Selective COX-2 inhibition prevents progressive dopamine neuron degeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"1","author":"Sanchez-Pernaute","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Harnessing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells as a potenttial treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Sarko","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Horizons Immun."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101405","article-title":"The credible role of curcumin in oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in mammals","volume":"12","author":"Sathyabhama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.09.007","article-title":"Heneka microglia jointly degrade fibrillar alpha-synuclein cargo by distribution through tunneling nanotubes","volume":"184","author":"Scheiblich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10907","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802437105","article-title":"GATA transcription factors directly regulate the Parkinson's disease-linked gene alpha-synuclein","volume":"105","author":"Scherzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5999","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25966-w","article-title":"The Hsc70 disaggregation machinery removes monomer units directly from alpha-synuclein fibril ends","volume":"12","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1702904","article-title":"Chemistry and biology of the immunophilins and their immunosuppressive ligands","volume":"251","author":"Schreiber","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.09.007","article-title":"The brain-immune ecosystem: implications for immunotherapy in defeating neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"110","author":"Schwartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825086","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.825086","article-title":"Microglia and Neuroinflammation: crucial pathological mechanisms in traumatic brain injury-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"14","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.08.017","article-title":"SnapShot: membrane curvature sensors and generators","volume":"150","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026319","article-title":"The mammalian disaggregase machinery: Hsp110 synergizes with Hsp70 and Hsp40 to catalyze protein disaggregation and reactivation in a cell-free system","volume":"6","author":"Shorter","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00115-1","article-title":"Role and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 during inflammation","volume":"106","author":"Simon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030493","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Skjaerbaek","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3128758","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3128758","article-title":"Immunosenescence of natural killer cells, inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2018","author":"Solana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030671","article-title":"Immune clearance of senescent cells to combat ageing and chronic diseases","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009399","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009399","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease","volume":"2","author":"Stefanis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005054","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005054","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T cells engineered to recognize the P329G-mutated fc part of effector-silenced tumor antigen-targeting human IgG1 antibodies enable modular targeting of solid tumors","volume":"10","author":"Stock","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-019-0101-6","article-title":"PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.22220","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: neuro-gastroenterology perspectives on a multifaceted problem","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00681-2","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis in Parkinson disease - from basic research to the clinic","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055402","article-title":"Galectins and immune responses-just how do they do those things they do?","volume":"34","author":"Thiemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6.2.11014","article-title":"VCP\/p97 is essential for maturation of ubiquitin-containing autophagosomes and this function is impaired by mutations that cause IBMPFD","volume":"6","author":"Tresse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3194","article-title":"Solid-state NMR structure of a pathogenic fibril of full-length human alpha-synuclein","volume":"23","author":"Tuttle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2993","article-title":"Cellular strategies for controlling protein aggregation","volume":"11","author":"Tyedmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101622","article-title":"Glial cells in Alzheimer's disease: from neuropathological changes to therapeutic implications","volume":"78","author":"Uddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27604-5","article-title":"CAR-tropic extracellular vesicles carry tumor-associated antigens and modulate CAR T cell functionality","volume":"13","author":"Ukrainskaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.04.009","article-title":"Generation and characterization of novel conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies for alpha-synuclein pathology","volume":"79","author":"Vaikath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9050103","article-title":"Clinical features of Parkinson's disease: the evolution of critical symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Varadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1383-5","article-title":"Human astrocytes: structure and functions in the healthy brain","volume":"222","author":"Vasile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1582","article-title":"Functions of natural killer cells","volume":"9","author":"Vivier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101704","article-title":"Inflammation and neurodegeneration: chronicity matters","volume":"11","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2019.08.001","article-title":"Degradation of proteins by PROTACs and other strategies","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-32","article-title":"Naloxone inhibits immune cell function by suppressing superoxide production through a direct interaction with gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0312-z","article-title":"Colleagues from the Fondation Leducq transatlantic network of excellence on the role of the perivascular space in cerebral small vessel, perivascular spaces in the brain: anatomy, physiology and pathology","volume":"16","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00295-x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal involvement in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"8","author":"Warnecke","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9427","DOI":"10.1021\/bi900539p","article-title":"Characterization of hydrophobic residue requirements for alpha-synuclein fibrillization","volume":"48","author":"Waxman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8593","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108593","article-title":"Cellular protein aggregates: formation, biological effects, and ways of elimination","volume":"24","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2904-6","article-title":"Molecular dissection of amyloid disaggregation by human HSP70","volume":"587","author":"Wentink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27823","article-title":"Neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson disease: should the focus be on axons and synaptic terminals?","volume":"34","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.290881","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2356","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of piperine on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-021-00043-2","article-title":"E3 ubiquitin ligases: styles, structures and functions","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00086","article-title":"Potential roles of exosomes in Parkinson's disease: from pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment to prognosis","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06438-7","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-based natural killer cell immunotherapy in cancer: from bench to bedside","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00966-4","article-title":"Targeted protein degradation: mechanisms, strategies and application","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039780","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1039780","article-title":"The role of microglial autophagy in Parkinson's disease","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.11.004","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of Astilbin on MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice: glial reaction, alpha-synuclein expression and oxidative stress","volume":"66","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9010059","article-title":"Application of CAR-T cell therapy beyond oncology: autoimmune diseases and viral infections","volume":"9","author":"Zmievskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1431079\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T01:17:19Z","timestamp":1723166239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1431079\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"references-count":182,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1431079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1431079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"article-number":"1431079"}}