{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:10:36Z","timestamp":1792188636636,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease resulting from repeated mild traumatic brain injuries (rmTBI). The necessity for diagnosis of CTE, which can so far only be confirmed after post-mortem, is a pressing need. New approaches to early diagnose this disease are crucial to facilitate the translation of novel treatment strategies to the clinic. Several studies have found suitable candidate biomarkers, but the results are not straightforward. As biological sex is suggested to be a major confounding factor, we explored how sex influences behavioural and candidate blood biomarkers during CTE-like progression following experimental rmTBI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To induce CTE-like development, we subjected male and female rats to three mTBIs at a 5-day interval. We then monitored and analysed differences in neurological, behavioural, and physiological parameters up to 12\u202fweeks after the injuries\u2014both by sex and grouped\u2014and underwent further analysis using generalised estimated equation (GEE). To determine long-term changes in tau aggregation as a hallmark of CTE, we used [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]-florzolotau (florzolotau) autoradiography in brain slices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both short-term weight gain and time-to-right after rmTBI were increased in grouped animals, with male rats showing more prominent changes. The neurological state was impaired after each mTBI and still 12\u202fweeks later, independent of the sex. A protracted anhedonic-like behaviour due to rmTBI was found at the group level only at week 2 but remained continuously present in male rats. While spatial memory was not impaired, male rats showed increased anxiety-like behaviour. Moreover, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was elevated in the blood 1\u202fday after rmTBI, but only in females. On the contrary, blood p-tau was increased 3\u202fdays after rmTBI only in males. In addition, male rats showed significantly increased florzolotau binding in the brain after 12\u202fweeks, suggesting brain contusion causes increased tau aggregation. Interestingly, brain neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) at 12\u202fweeks after rmTBI showed a strong correlation with the neurological state at 1\u202fday after rmTBI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, our findings suggest that male rats may be more susceptible to short-and long-term consequences of rmTBI in the applied model. These sex differences should be considered when translating preclinical biomarker candidates to the clinic. Understanding these differences could guide the diagnosis and treatment of CTE in a personalized manner, offering hope for more effective treatments in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2025.1488261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T06:59:35Z","timestamp":1738133975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Short- and long-term changes in neurological, behavioural, and blood biomarkers following repeated mild traumatic brain injury in rats\u2014potential biological sex-dependent effects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Moraga-Amaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Llop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Bankstahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens P.","family":"Bankstahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24920","article-title":"Unconventional animal models for traumatic brain injury and chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"99","author":"Ackermans","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2022.0029","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers of repetitive, subconcussive blast overpressure exposure in the training environment: a pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Agoston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01111-x","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy\u2014a blueprint for the bridge between neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"10","author":"Albayram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.05.004","article-title":"Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Altemus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13090201","article-title":"Behavioral health symptoms associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a critical review of the literature and recommendations for treatment and research","volume":"26","author":"Antonius","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.12.018","article-title":"Sex differences in cerebral perfusion changes after mild traumatic brain injury: longitudinal investigation and correlation with outcome","volume":"1708","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-022-08732-z","article-title":"Involvement of microbiome gut-brain axis in neuroprotective effect of quercetin in mouse model of repeated mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroMolecular Med."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0239-x","article-title":"Sex matters","volume":"44","author":"Bale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa042","article-title":"Investigating the cumulative effects of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury on adolescent rats","volume":"2","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115765","article-title":"Tau reduction diminishes spatial learning and memory deficits after mild repetitive traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0461-0","article-title":"CHIMERA repetitive mild traumatic brain injury induces chronic behavioural and neuropathological phenotypes in wild-type and APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643743","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.643743","article-title":"One-year prospective study of plasma biomarkers from CNS in patients with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Clarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.10.020","article-title":"Sex differences in the effects of two stress paradigms on dopaminergic neurotransmission","volume":"93","author":"Dalla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106214","article-title":"Sex representation in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders\u2019 preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"184","author":"DuMont","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.01.006","article-title":"Sex differences in depression: insights from clinical and preclinical studies","volume":"176","author":"Eid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgaa002","article-title":"Examining the progressive behavior and neuropathological outcomes associated with chronic repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"1","author":"Eyolfson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex Commun."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1312592","article-title":"Sex, stress, and mood disorders: at the intersection of adrenal and gonadal hormones","volume":"44","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Guasti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317557","article-title":"Understanding neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury: from mechanisms to clinical trials in dementia","volume":"90","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00412-8","article-title":"Sex differences in sucrose reinforcement in long-evans rats","volume":"13","author":"Grimm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12556","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612556","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers in the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: research to date and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Halicki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"441","article-title":"MR imaging, single-photon emission CT, and neurocognitive performance after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Hofman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.556380","article-title":"Chronic neurobehavioral impairments and decreased hippocampal expression of genes important for brain glucose utilization in a mouse model of mild TBI","volume":"11","author":"Huynh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz286","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathology might not be inexorably progressive or unique to repetitive neurotrauma","volume":"142","author":"Iverson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214814","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1214814","article-title":"A narrative review of psychiatric features of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome as conceptualized in the 20th century","volume":"14","author":"Iverson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0088","article-title":"Repeated mild traumatic brain injury and JZL184 produce sex-specific increases in anxiety-like behavior and alcohol consumption in Wistar rats","volume":"40","author":"Jacotte-Simancas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0241","article-title":"Tau pathology, metal dyshomeostasis and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: an unexplored link paving the way for neurodegeneration","volume":"39","author":"Juan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.05.020","article-title":"Ganglioside GQ1b improves spatial learning and memory of rats as measured by the Y-maze and the Morris water maze tests","volume":"439","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.05.011","article-title":"Sex differences in oxidant\/antioxidant balance under a chronic mild stress regime","volume":"98","author":"Kamper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.3890","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and quality control testing of the tau imaging positron emission tomography tracer [18 F]PM-PBB3 for clinical applications","volume":"64","author":"Kawamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.09.004","article-title":"Sucrose consumption test reveals pharmacoresistant depression-associated behavior in two mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"263","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114092","article-title":"N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate neurobehavioral outcomes post-mild traumatic brain injury in the fat-1 mouse model","volume":"13","author":"Lecques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0360","article-title":"Lifetime traumatic brain injury and cognitive domain deficits in late life: the PROTECT-TBI cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Lennon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.711065","article-title":"Effect of estrous cycle on behavior of females in rodent tests of anxiety","volume":"12","author":"Lovick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31823ebc74","article-title":"Beyond repeated-measures analysis of variance: advanced statistical methods for the analysis of longitudinal data in anesthesia research","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113408","article-title":"The effects of a combination of ion channel inhibitors in female rats following repeated mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102665","article-title":"Tau aggregation and increased neuroinflammation in athletes after sports-related concussions and in traumatic brain injury patients \u2013 a PET\/MR study","volume":"30","author":"Marklund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Image Clin."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.2.0291","article-title":"A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part I: pathophysiology and biomechanics","volume":"80","author":"Marmarou","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030740","article-title":"Post-concussion syndrome and chronic traumatic encephalopathy: narrative review on the neuropathology","volume":"12","author":"Mavroudis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Fluid Biomarkers Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160220","article-title":"Short and long term behavioral and pathological changes in a novel rodent model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"McAteer","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.04.014","article-title":"Repeated mild TBI in adolescent rats reveals sex differences in acute and chronic behavioral deficits","volume":"493","author":"McCorkle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws307","article-title":"The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"136","author":"McKee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8334","article-title":"Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football","volume":"318","author":"Mez","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0697-7","article-title":"Post-concussive syndrome: a focus on post-traumatic headache and related cognitive, psychiatric, and sleep issues","volume":"16","author":"Minen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105590","article-title":"Animal models of postpartum depression revisited","volume":"136","author":"Mir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2022.2045269","article-title":"A single dose of ketamine cannot prevent protracted stress-induced anhedonia and neuroinflammation in rats","volume":"25","author":"Moraga-Amaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0252","article-title":"Acute blood levels of neurofilament light indicate one-year white matter pathology and functional impairment in repetitive mild traumatic brain injured mice","volume":"40","author":"Moro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1325","article-title":"Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13091310","article-title":"Are sex differences in collegiate and high school sports-related concussion reflected in the guidelines? A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Musko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.10.052","article-title":"Greater neurobehavioral deficits occur in adult mice after repeated, as compared to single, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)","volume":"298","author":"Nichols","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.09.034","article-title":"The role of acid sphingomyelinase inhibition in repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"259","author":"Niziolek","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091195","article-title":"Lower systemic nitric oxide bioactivity, cerebral hypoperfusion and accelerated cognitive decline in formerly concussed retired rugby union players","volume":"108","author":"Owens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11833","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38804-4","article-title":"Sex differences in time course and diagnostic accuracy of GFAP and UCH-L1 in trauma patients with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Papa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref53","volume-title":"The rat brain in stereotactic coordinates","author":"Paxinos","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0400-1","article-title":"Pathophysiology associated with traumatic brain injury: current treatments and potential novel therapeutics","volume":"37","author":"Pearn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105151","article-title":"Behavioral, axonal, and proteomic alterations following repeated mild traumatic brain injury: novel insights using a clinically relevant rat model","volume":"148","author":"Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8080154","article-title":"Sex: a significant risk factor for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"8","author":"Pinares-Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0152","article-title":"Spreading depolarizations contribute to the acute behavior deficits associated with a mild traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"41","author":"Pinkowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.08.008","article-title":"Brain structure alterations and cognitive impairment following repetitive mild head impact: an in vivo MRI and behavioral study in rat","volume":"340","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00355-9","article-title":"Acute cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury predicts the occurrence of brain atrophy patterns similar to those observed in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Rostowsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gero Science"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00124","article-title":"Novel mouse tauopathy model for repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: evaluation of long-term effects on cognition and biomarker levels after therapeutic inhibition of tau phosphorylation","volume":"10","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0148-z","article-title":"Sex differences and the neurobiology of affective disorders","volume":"44","author":"Rubinow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323315","article-title":"Mental health and suicide in former professional soccer players","volume":"91","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1957","article-title":"Frontal cortex neuropathology in dementia pugilistica","volume":"29","author":"Saing","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746491","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.746491","article-title":"Sex differences in behavioral symptoms and the levels of circulating GFAP, tau, and NfL in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Sass","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112670","article-title":"Sex differences in anxiety-like behaviors in rats","volume":"211","author":"Scholl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050513","article-title":"mTBI biological biomarkers as predictors of Postconcussion syndrome\u2014review","volume":"14","author":"St\u0119pniewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.08.008","article-title":"Long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma: chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"3","author":"Stern","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.01.028","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers for traumatic brain injury: evaluation of research approaches, available methods and potential utility from the clinician and clinical laboratory perspectives","volume":"47","author":"Strathmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02610-z","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a female ex-professional Australian rules footballer","volume":"146","author":"Suter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2008.06.010","article-title":"Preferences of 14 rat strains for 17 taste compounds","volume":"95","author":"Tordoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1126\/science.156.3777.942","article-title":"Sex differences in taste preference for glucose and saccharin solutions","volume":"156","author":"Valenstein","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264404","article-title":"Evaluation of tau radiotracers in chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"64","author":"Varlow","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0457-7","article-title":"Progesterone treatment reduces neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and brain damage and improves long-term outcomes in a rat model of repeated mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Webster","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114206","article-title":"Repeat subconcussion in the adult rat gives rise to behavioral deficits similar to a single concussion but different depending upon sex","volume":"438","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51267-w","article-title":"Repeated mild traumatic brain injuries induce persistent changes in plasma protein and magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers in the rat","volume":"9","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.441","article-title":"Sex matters: repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent rats","volume":"4","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28713","article-title":"Behavioral, blood, and magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of experimental mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9.52.1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpns.10","article-title":"The revised neurobehavioral severity scale (NSS-R) for rodents","volume":"75","author":"Yarnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2275","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201158","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in cognitive functioning and brain structure in professional boxers and mixed martial artists after they stop fighting","volume":"99","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnmol.2025.1488261\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T06:59:41Z","timestamp":1738133981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnmol.2025.1488261\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnmol.2025.1488261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2025.1488261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"article-number":"1488261"}}