{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:02:59Z","timestamp":1784872979228,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fragile X-associated Tremor\/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a premutation (55 to 200 CGG repeats) in the\n                      <jats:italic>FMR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. This expansion leads to mRNA toxicity, resulting in the deterioration of executive and cognitive abilities alongside characteristic brain changes detected via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). While the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale-2 (BDS-2) is commonly used to evaluate executive function, its specific relationship with neuroanatomical markers in FXTAS has not been fully examined. This study investigated the association between BDS-2 and MRI scores in FXTAS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Correlation and linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate how BDS-2 scores correlate with MRI total scores and other neurodegeneration variables, measured by white matter hyperintensities, relative to the MMSE and CANTAB subtests in 56\n                      <jats:italic>FMR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      premutation carriers with and without FXTAS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MRI scores were negatively correlated with BDS-2 total scores (Pearson\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.66,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001). The association between BDS-2 total scores and MRI scores was still significant after accounting for CGG repeat length, sex, and age as covariates (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.36,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.002). In the complete-case sample analysis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f30), the executive functioning subtests of the CANTAB were positively correlated with the MRI total score (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.46\u20130.61,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), while the MMSE demonstrated a negative correlation (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.40,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that BDS-2 can be used alongside other instruments for measuring executive dysfunction in FXTAS, demonstrating the potential for clinical utility to complement traditional cognitive and automated executive measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2026.1826779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T05:35:08Z","timestamp":1784871308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale-2 (BDS-2) to measure executive dysfunction in FXTAS"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Seyedeh Ala Mokhtabad","family":"Amrei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"University of California, Berkeley Department of Natural Resources","place":["Berkeley, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Salmaniya Medical Complex","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellery","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazel Maridith Barlahan","family":"Biag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine","place":["Davis, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Hessl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine","place":["Davis, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Tassone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis","place":["Davis, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezra","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis","place":["Davis, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoungmi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis","place":["Davis, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randi J.","family":"Hagerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Health","place":["Sacramento, CA, United States"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, Davis","place":["Davis, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4676","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11209-5","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder in the fragile X premutation state: possible mechanisms and implications","volume":"269","author":"Aishworiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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