{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:11:46Z","timestamp":1792462306517,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Octopamine is involved in a variety of physiological and behavioral mechanisms throughout the\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    life cycle. Octopaminergic neurons in both the central and the peripheral nervous system target a multitude of neurons and even non-neuronal tissues, making it challenging to analyze individual mechanisms of octopamine function. One approach to deconstructing this complex system is to examine the postsynaptic components of signal transmission, the six distinct G-protein-coupled octopamine receptors. Here, we compiled and validated a complete set of potential mutant lines of all known octopamine receptors (Oamb, Oct\u03b12R, Oct\u03b21R, Oct\u03b22R, Oct\u03b23R, and Oct-TyrR) that were generated using the same genetic tool: the recently established Trojan Exon system. It integrates the Gal4\/UAS binary expression strategy while simultaneously impairing receptor function. We generated a comprehensive anatomical map of receptor expression in the larva and, at the same time, analyzed the function of individual octopamine receptors during larval development, chemosensory perception, and locomotion. All octopamine receptors are expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. Oct\u03b22R stands out with a pronounced expression in the somatic muscles. We also observed a previously undescribed role of Oct\u03b21R, Oct\u03b23R, and Oct-TyrR in larval hatching and in the survival of larvae and pupae. Combined with tissue- and stage-specific gene expression data, this validated set of transgenic lines provides a basis for further functional studies of the octopaminergic system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2026.1876842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:47:52Z","timestamp":1788450472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Octopamine receptors in Drosophila larvae: expression, development, and behavior"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gro\u00dfjohann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center of Bioinformatics, Leipzig University","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Hahmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronja","family":"Badelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Kinnigkeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Breitfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)","place":["Neuherberg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter F.","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center of Bioinformatics, Leipzig University","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"]},{"name":"Santa Fe Institute","place":["Santa Fe, NM, United States"]},{"name":"Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen","place":["Frederiksberg, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Coin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas S.","family":"Thum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004356","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004356","article-title":"Octopamine neuromodulation regulates Gr32a-linked aggression and courtship pathways in drosophila males.","volume":"10","author":"Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.3791\/4334-v","article-title":"Appetitive associative olfactory learning in drosophila larvae.","volume":"18","author":"Apostolopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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