{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:14:47Z","timestamp":1791418487622,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Syst. Neurosci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T15:17:07Z","timestamp":1565795827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["General Anesthesia: A Probe to Explore Consciousness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"Bonhomme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Staquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Montupil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Defresne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murielle","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Martial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Vanhaudenhuyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Chatelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Karl","family":"Larroque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Raimondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athena","family":"Demertzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Bodart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Laureys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Gosseries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0136-3","article-title":"The effects of ketamine on prefrontal glutamate neurotransmission in healthy and depressed subjects","volume":"43","author":"Abdallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00495","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.495","article-title":"Dominant hemisphere functional networks compensate for structural connectivity loss to preserve phonological retrieval with aging","volume":"6","author":"Agarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.04.011","article-title":"Neural oscillations demonstrate that general anesthesia and sedative states are neurophysiologically distinct from sleep","volume":"44","author":"Akeju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711651105","article-title":"Neuroimaging analysis of an anesthetic gas that blocks human emotional memory","volume":"105","author":"Alkire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199502000-00010","article-title":"Cerebral metabolism during propofol anesthesia in humans studied with positron emission tomography","volume":"82","author":"Alkire","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41345-4","article-title":"Single-trial classification of awareness state during anesthesia by measuring critical dynamics of global brain activity","volume":"9","author":"Alonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00665","article-title":"Brain, behavior, and cognitive interplay in disorders of consciousness: a multiple case study","volume":"9","author":"Aubinet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418031112","article-title":"Signature of consciousness in the dynamics of resting-state brain activity","volume":"112","author":"Barttfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.03.009","article-title":"Are there levels of consciousness?","volume":"20","author":"Bayne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809667106","article-title":"Neural signature of the conscious processing of auditory regularities","volume":"106","author":"Bekinschtein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.02.002","article-title":"Measures of metabolism and complexity in the brain of patients with disorders of consciousness","volume":"14","author":"Bodart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9603","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3218-16.2017","article-title":"Are the neural correlates of consciousness in the front or in the back of the cerebral cortex? Clinical and neuroimaging evidence","volume":"37","author":"Boly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7082","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3769-11.2012","article-title":"Connectivity changes underlying spectral EEG changes during propofol-induced loss of consciousness","volume":"32","author":"Boly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"161","article-title":"Linking sleep and general anesthesia mechanisms: this is no walkover","volume":"62","author":"Bonhomme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Belg."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.3.1299","article-title":"Propofol anesthesia and cerebral blood flow changes elicited by vibrotactile stimulation: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"85","author":"Bonhomme","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181619685","article-title":"The effect of clonidine infusion on distribution of regional cerebral blood flow in volunteers","volume":"106","author":"Bonhomme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000001275","article-title":"Resting-state network-specific breakdown of functional connectivity during ketamine alteration of consciousness in volunteers","volume":"125","author":"Bonhomme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200406000-00006","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil regarding hypnosis, tolerance of laryngoscopy, bispectral index, and electroencephalographic approximate entropy","volume":"100","author":"Bouillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181f697f5","article-title":"Breakdown of within- and between-network resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity during propofol-induced loss of consciousness","volume":"113","author":"Boveroux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153200","article-title":"General anesthesia and altered states of arousal: a systems neuroscience analysis","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198ra105","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006294","article-title":"A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior","volume":"5","author":"Casali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.09.065","article-title":"Dynamic functional connectivity and brain metastability during altered states of consciousness","volume":"180","author":"Cavanna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.024","article-title":"The spectral exponent of the resting EEG indexes the presence of consciousness during unresponsiveness induced by propofol, xenon, and ketamine","volume":"189","author":"Colombo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw112","article-title":"Testing proposed neuronal models of effective connectivity within the cortico-basal gangliathalamo-cortical loop during loss of consciousness","volume":"27","author":"Crone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34957-9","article-title":"Evoked \u03b1 power is reduced in disconnected consciousness during sleep and anesthesia","volume":"8","author":"Darracq","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.09.006","article-title":"Characterising the effect of propofol on complexity and stability in the EEG power spectrum","volume":"121","author":"Darracq","year":"","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat7603","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat7603","article-title":"Human consciousness is supported by dnamic patterns of brain signal coordination","volume":"5","author":"Demertzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.170","article-title":"The impact of NMDA receptor blockade on human working memory-related prefrontal function and connectivity","volume":"38","author":"Driesen","year":"","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.194","article-title":"Relationship of resting brain hyperconnectivity and schizophrenia-like symptoms produced by the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine in humans","volume":"18","author":"Driesen","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.11.087","article-title":"Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018","volume":"121","author":"Evered","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913008107","article-title":"Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness","volume":"107","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5506","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-13-05506.1999","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of propofol-induced loss of consciousness in humans: a positron emission tomographic study","volume":"19","author":"Fiset","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000002021","article-title":"The effect of sedation on cortical activation: a randomized study comparing the effects of sedation with midazolam, propofol, and dexmedetomidine on auditory processing","volume":"124","author":"Frolich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71370","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071370","article-title":"Changes in effective connectivity by propofol sedation","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-018-1886-1","article-title":"BIS monitoring on intraoperative awareness: a meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex170","article-title":"Frontal \u03b1-delta EEG does not preclude volitional response during anaesthesia: prospective cohort study of the isolated forearm technique","volume":"119","author":"Gaskell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000002704","article-title":"Changes in whole brain dynamics and connectivity patterns during sevoflurane- and propofol-induced unconsciousness identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"130","author":"Golkowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20537","article-title":"Persistent default-mode network connectivity during light sedation","volume":"29","author":"Greicius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0117","article-title":"Thalamus, brainstem and salience network connectivity changes during propofol-induced sedation and unconsciousness","volume":"3","author":"Guldenmund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2015.0369","article-title":"Propofol-induced frontal cortex disconnection: a study of resting-state networks, total brain connectivity and mean BOLD signal oscillation frequencies","volume":"6","author":"Guldenmund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex257","article-title":"Brain functional connectivity differentiates dexmedetomidine from propofol and natural sleep","volume":"119","author":"Guldenmund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001509","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine disrupts the local and global efficiencies of large-scale brain networks","volume":"126","author":"Hashmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2545-17.2018","article-title":"Timescales of intrinsic BOLD signal dynamics and functional connectivity in pharmacologic and neuropathologic states of unconsciousness","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.06.043","article-title":"Suppression of underlying neuronal fluctuations mediates EEG slowing during general anaesthesia","volume":"179","author":"Hutt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2016.00107","article-title":"Sevoflurane alters spatiotemporal functional connectivity motifs that link resting-state networks during wakefulness","volume":"10","author":"Kafashan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006424","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006424","article-title":"Mechanisms of hysteresis in human brain networks during transitions of consciousness and unconsciousness: theoretical principles and empirical evidence","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2016.00001","article-title":"Functional and topological conditions for explosive synchronization develop in human brain networks with the onset of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.22","article-title":"Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems","volume":"17","author":"Koch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.11.072","article-title":"Test of neural inertia in humans during general anaesthesia","volume":"120","author":"Kuizenga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.12.011","article-title":"Relationship of critical dynamics, functional connectivity, and states of consciousness in large-scale human brain networks","volume":"188","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2009.04.004","article-title":"The directionality and functional organization of frontoparietal connectivity during consciousness and anesthesia in humans","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31829103f5","article-title":"Disruption of frontal-parietal communication by ketamine, propofol, and sevoflurane","volume":"118","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0b013e3182a8ec8c","article-title":"Reconfiguration of network hub structure after propofol-induced unconsciousness","volume":"119","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002228","article-title":"Role of network science in the study of anesthetic state transitions","volume":"129","author":"Lee","year":"","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.04.018","article-title":"Stochastic nature of neural inertia","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15082-5","article-title":"Network properties in transitions of consciousness during propofol-induced sedation","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33250","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.33250","article-title":"A transient cortical state with sleep-like sensory responses precedes emergence from general anesthesia in humans","volume":"7","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0942-y","article-title":"Default mode network connectivity change corresponds to ketamine\u2019s delayed glutamatergic effects","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045006","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aab4d0","article-title":"Emergence EEG pattern classification in sevoflurane anesthesia","volume":"39","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22914","article-title":"Disruption of cortical integration during midazolam-induced light sedation","volume":"36","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.02.003","article-title":"Effects of propofol anesthesia on the processing of noxious stimuli in the spinal cord and the brain","volume":"172","author":"Lichtner","year":"","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.03.031","article-title":"Nociceptive activation in spinal cord and brain persists during deep general anaesthesia","volume":"121","author":"Lichtner","year":"","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.02.019","article-title":"Isolated forearm technique: a meta-analysis of connected consciousness during different general anaesthesia regimens","volume":"121","author":"Linassi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092182","article-title":"Scale-free functional connectivity of the brain is maintained in anesthetized healthy participants but not in patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059413509801","article-title":"How electroencephalography serves the anesthesiologist","volume":"45","author":"Marchant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000002385","article-title":"Highways of the brain, traffic of the mind","volume":"129","author":"Mashour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.01.003","article-title":"Neural correlates of unconsciousness in large-scale brain networks","volume":"41","author":"Mashour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-2010-101086","article-title":"The impact of general and regional anesthesia on the incidence of post-operative cognitive dysfunction and post-operative delirium: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.06.068","article-title":"1\/F electrophysiological spectra in resting and drug-induced states can be explained by the dynamics of multiple oscillatory relaxation processes","volume":"179","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200302000-00024","article-title":"The \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects","volume":"98","author":"Nelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059413486271","article-title":"Neural network-based classification of anesthesia\/awareness using granger causality features","volume":"45","author":"Nicolaou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0967-18.2018","article-title":"Auditory predictive coding across awareness states under anesthesia: an intracranial electrophysiology study","volume":"38","author":"Nourski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.02.022","article-title":"Functional connectivity and network analysis during hypoactive delirium and recovery from anesthesia","volume":"128","author":"Numan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.05.025","article-title":"Differential role of prefrontal and parietal cortices in controlling level of consciousness","volume":"28","author":"Pal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000000731","article-title":"Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness","volume":"123","author":"Palanca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.078","article-title":"Brain network disintegration during sedation is mediated by the complexity of sparsely connected regions","volume":"186","author":"Pappas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3844-3","article-title":"Effects of seven-day diazepam administration on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind study","volume":"232","author":"Pflanz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/66.6.683","article-title":"The auditory steady state response during sufentanil anaesthesia","volume":"66","author":"Plourde","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221180110","article-title":"Electroencephalogram signatures of loss and recovery of consciousness from propofol","volume":"110","author":"Purdon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.03.014","article-title":"Dreaming and awareness during dexmedetomidine- and propofol-induced unresponsiveness","volume":"121","author":"Radek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001322","article-title":"Neural correlates of sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness identified by simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography","volume":"125","author":"Ranft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen036","article-title":"Positron emission tomography study of regional cerebral blood flow and flow-metabolism coupling during general anaesthesia with xenon in humans","volume":"100","author":"Rex","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00626","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.626","article-title":"A method for independent component graph analysis of resting-state fMRI","volume":"7","author":"Ribeiro de Paula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex040","article-title":"What do people expect of general anaesthesia?","volume":"118","author":"Rowley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.07.006","article-title":"Propofol-induced unresponsiveness is associated with impaired feedforward connectivity in cortical hierarchy","volume":"121","author":"Sanders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001479","article-title":"Incidence of connected consciousness after tracheal intubation: a prospective, international, multicenter cohort study of the isolated forearm technique","volume":"126","author":"Sanders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318249d0a7","article-title":"Unresponsiveness \u2260 unconsciousness","volume":"116","author":"Sanders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.014","article-title":"Consciousness and complexity during unresponsiveness induced by propofol, xenon and ketamine","volume":"25","author":"Sarasso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44799","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044799","article-title":"Ketamine decreases resting state functional network connectivity in healthy subjects: implications for antidepressant drug action","volume":"7","author":"Scheidegger","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2018.01.025","article-title":"Using positron emission tomography in revealing the mystery of general anesthesia: study design challenges and opportunities","volume":"603","author":"Scheinin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meth. Enzymol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.12.038","article-title":"General anaesthesia as fragmentation of selfhood: insights from electroencephalography and neuroimaging","volume":"121","author":"Sleigh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B92","first-page":"137","article-title":"Aware beside an unconscious patient, not the inverse! On the necessity of knowing how anesthesia modulates consciousness","volume":"69","author":"Staquet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Belg."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20151027","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.1027","article-title":"Large-scale signatures of unconsciousness are consistent with a departure from critical dynamics","volume":"13","author":"Tagliazucchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.069","article-title":"Long-range temporal correlations in the brain distinguish conscious wakefulness from induced unconsciousness","volume":"179","author":"Thiery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-5-42","article-title":"An information integration theory of consciousness","volume":"5","author":"Tononi","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/s0079-6123(08)61662-3","article-title":"Variations in visual evoked potentials under anesthesia","volume":"54","author":"Uhl","year":"1980","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002336","article-title":"Resting-state dynamics as a cortical signature of anesthesia in monkeys","volume":"129","author":"Uhrig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087498","article-title":"Fronto-parietal connectivity is a non-static phenomenon with characteristic changes during unconsciousness","volume":"9","author":"Untergehrer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000329","article-title":"Decreased functional connectivity and disturbed directionality of information flow in the electroencephalography of intensive care unit patients with delirium after cardiac surgery","volume":"121","author":"van Dellen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21488","article-title":"Two distinct neuronal networks mediate the awareness of environment and of self","volume":"23","author":"Vanhaudenhuyse","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001671","article-title":"Neurophysiologic correlates of ketamine sedation and anesthesia: a high-density electroencephalography study in healthy volunteers","volume":"127","author":"Vlisides","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.03.011","article-title":"Subanaesthetic ketamine and altered states of consciousness in humans","volume":"121","author":"Vlisides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002594","article-title":"General anesthetics to treat major depressive disorder: clinical relevance and underlying mechanisms","volume":"126","author":"Vutskits","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.05.045","article-title":"Suppressed neural complexity during ketamine- and propofol-induced unconsciousness","volume":"653","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001759","article-title":"Investigation of slow-wave activity saturation during surgical anesthesia reveals a signature of neural inertia in humans","volume":"127","author":"Warnaby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq415","article-title":"Critical involvement of the thalamus and precuneus during restoration of consciousness with physostigmine in humans during propofol anaesthesia: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"106","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00036\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T15:17:10Z","timestamp":1565795830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00036\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]},"references-count":106,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5137"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5137","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]},"article-number":"36"}}