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Interestingly, many neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders have been associated with altered functional hemispheric asymmetries. However, findings concerning the relation between structural hemispheric asymmetries and disorders have largely been inconsistent, both within specific disorders as well as between disorders. In the present review, we compare structural asymmetries from a clinical neuroscience perspective across different disorders. We focus especially on recent large-scale neuroimaging studies, to concentrate on replicable effects. With the notable exception of major depressive disorder, all reviewed disorders were associated with distinct patterns of alterations in structural hemispheric asymmetries. While autism spectrum disorder was associated with altered structural hemispheric asymmetries in a broader range of brain areas, most other disorders were linked to more specific alterations in brain areas related to cognitive functions that have been associated with the symptomology of these disorders. The implications of these findings are highlighted in the context of transdiagnostic approaches to psychopathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2021.733898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T08:46:19Z","timestamp":1639471579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Asymmetry in the Central Nervous System: A Clinical Neuroscience Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Annakarina","family":"Mundorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta","family":"Peterburs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Ocklenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029315","article-title":"Arcuate fasciculus abnormalities and their relationship with psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia.","volume":"7","author":"Abdul-Rahman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.06.016","article-title":"The relationship between alpha asymmetry and ADHD depends on negative affect level and parenting practices.","volume":"116","author":"Alperin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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