{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:12:23Z","timestamp":1768471943890,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Syst. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the primary motivations for studying the human brain is to comprehend how external sensory input is processed and ultimately perceived by the brain. A good understanding of these processes can promote the identification of biomarkers for the diagnosis of various neurological disorders; it can also provide ways of evaluating therapeutic techniques. In this work, we seek the minimal requirements for identifying key stages of activity in the brain elicited by median nerve stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have used a priori knowledge and applied a simple, linear, spatial filter on the electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography signals to identify the early responses in the thalamus and cortex evoked by short electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist. The spatial filter is defined first from the average EEG and MEG signals and then refined using consistency selection rules across ST. The refined spatial filter is then applied to extract the timecourses of each ST in each targeted generator. These ST timecourses are studied through clustering to quantify the ST variability. The nature of ST connectivity between thalamic and cortical generators is then studied within each identified cluster using linear and non-linear algorithms with time delays to extract linked and directional activities. A novel combination of linear and non-linear methods provides in addition discrimination of influences as excitatory or inhibitory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our method identifies two key aspects of the evoked response. Firstly, the early onset of activity in the thalamus and the somatosensory cortex, known as the P14 and P20 in EEG and the second M20 for MEG. Secondly, good estimates are obtained for the early timecourse of activity from these two areas. The results confirm the existence of variability in ST brain activations and reveal distinct and novel patterns of connectivity in different clusters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It has been demonstrated that we can extract new insights into stimulus processing without the use of computationally costly source reconstruction techniques which require assumptions and detailed modeling of the brain. Our methodology, thanks to its simplicity and minimal computational requirements, has the potential for real-time applications such as in neurofeedback systems and brain-computer interfaces.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2023.1305022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T05:51:50Z","timestamp":1704433910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["First activity and interactions in thalamus and cortex using raw single-trial EEG and MEG elicited by somatosensory stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Christodoulos","family":"Karittevlis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinicius","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregoris A.","family":"Orphanides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shubham","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Antonakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Papadopoulou Lesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas A.","family":"Ioannides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-012-0274-6","article-title":"Effects of forward model errors on EEG source localization","volume":"26","author":"Akalin Acar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.3.694","article-title":"Human cortical potentials evoked by stimulation of the median nerve. II. cytoarchitectonic areas generating short-latency activity","volume":"62","author":"Allison","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.6.2465","article-title":"Potentials evoked in human and monkey cerebral cortex by stimulation of the median nerve","volume":"114","author":"Allison","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5011","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24754","article-title":"The effect of stimulation type, head modeling, and combined EEG and MEG on the source reconstruction of the somatosensory p20\/n20 component","volume":"40","author":"Antonakakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108740","article-title":"A systematic review of EEG source localization techniques and their applications on diagnosis of brain abnormalities","volume":"339","author":"Asadzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3390\/e24050631","article-title":"Multivariate gaussian copula mutual information to estimate functional connectivity with less random architecture","volume":"24","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.042","article-title":"Single trial variability of EEG and fmri responses to visual stimuli","volume":"38","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4504","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography for brain electrophysiology and imaging","volume":"20","author":"Baillet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04420.x","article-title":"What's new in neuroimaging methods?","volume":"1156","author":"Bandettini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00175","article-title":"A tutorial review of functional connectivity analysis methods and their interpretational pitfalls","volume":"9","author":"Bastos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","article-title":"Fast unfolding of communities in large networks","volume":"2008","author":"Blondel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-03521-2","author":"Bondy","year":"1976","journal-title":"Graph Theory with Applications, Volume 290"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00231985","article-title":"Origin of p16 median nerve sep component identified by dipole source analysis-subthalamic or within the thalamo-cortical radiation?","volume":"104","author":"Buchner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10030372","article-title":"Connectivity analysis in EEG data: a tutorial review of the state of the art and emerging trends","volume":"10","author":"Chiarion","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061197","article-title":"Human thalamic somatosensory nucleus (ventral caudal, VC) as a locus for stimulation by inputs from tactile, noxious and thermal sensors on an active prosthesis","volume":"17","author":"Chien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119347","article-title":"Group-level inference of information-based measures for the analyses of cognitive brain networks from neurophysiological data","volume":"258","author":"Combrisson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.1049","article-title":"Single-trial variability in event-related bold signals","volume":"15","author":"Duann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq142","article-title":"The thalamic reticular nucleus and schizophrenia","volume":"37","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239597","article-title":"Activation of the human posterior parietal cortex by median nerve stimulation","volume":"99","author":"Forss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00108-3","article-title":"Localization of human somatosensory cortex using spatially filtered magnetoencephalography","volume":"340","author":"Gaetz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00114-5","article-title":"Stability of high-frequency (600 HZ) components in human somatosensory evoked potentials under variation of stimulus rate \u2013 evidence for a thalamic origin","volume":"110","author":"Gobbel\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.062","article-title":"Single-trial discrimination for integrating simultaneous EEG and fmri: identifying cortical areas contributing to trial-to-trial variability in the auditory oddball task","volume":"47","author":"Goldman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000048","article-title":"Thalamocortical impulse propagation and information transfer in EEG and MEG","volume":"31","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-044X-4-5","article-title":"Pseudo current density maps of electrophysiological heart, nerve or brain function and their physical basis","volume":"4","author":"Haberkorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomagn. Res. Technol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.08.001","article-title":"Thalamic inhibition: diverse sources, diverse scales","volume":"39","author":"Halassa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.65.413","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography\u2013theory, instrumentation, and applications to noninvasive studies of the working human brain","volume":"65","author":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.09.027","article-title":"Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPS) recorded from deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes in the thalamus and subthalamic nucleus (STN)","volume":"115","author":"Hanajima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517707265","article-title":"A new role for evoked potentials in MS? repurposing evoked potentials as biomarkers for clinical trials in MS","volume":"23","author":"Hardmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J"},{"key":"B29","author":"Hari","year":"2017","journal-title":"MEG"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2139210","article-title":"Electrophysiological imaging of brain activity and connectivity\u2013challenges and opportunities","volume":"58","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(75)90056-5","article-title":"An on-line transformation of EEG scalp potentials into orthogonal source derivations","volume":"39","author":"Hjorth","year":"1975","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(00)00062-9","article-title":"Neural modeling and functional brain imaging: an overview","volume":"13","author":"Horwitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(76)80043-X","article-title":"Part IV visual determination of generators of the magnetocardiogram","volume":"9","author":"Hosaka","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.057","article-title":"The primary somatosensory cortex contributes to the latest part of the cortical response elicited by nociceptive somatosensory stimuli in humans","volume":"84","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.12.052","article-title":"Single-trial detection of somatosensory evoked potentials by probabilistic independent component analysis and wavelet filtering","volume":"122","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23471","article-title":"A statistical framework for neuroimaging data analysis based on mutual information estimated via a gaussian copula","volume":"38","author":"Ince","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"205","article-title":"Graphical solutions and representations for the biomagnetic inverse problem","volume":"19","author":"Ioannides","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Electron Phys. Suppl"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(95)00031-3","article-title":"Magnetic field tomography of cortical and deep processes: examples of \u201creal-time mapping\u201d of averaged and single trial MEG signals","volume":"20","author":"Ioannides","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858406293696","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography as a research tool in neuroscience: State of the art","volume":"12","author":"Ioannides","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/6\/4\/005","article-title":"Continuous probabilistic solutions to the biomagnetic inverse problem","volume":"6","author":"Ioannides","year":"1990","journal-title":"Inverse Probl"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10023","article-title":"Timing and connectivity in the human somatosensory cortex from single trial mass electrical activity","volume":"15","author":"Ioannides","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21352-7","article-title":"Multiresolution consensus clustering in networks","volume":"8","author":"Jeub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(94)90034-5","article-title":"Somatosensory evoked magnetic fields following median nerve stimulation","volume":"20","author":"Kakigi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.06.001","article-title":"On the benefits of using surface Laplacian (current source density) methodology in electrophysiology","volume":"97","author":"Kayser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12535","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3022-08.2008","article-title":"Impulse propagation along thalamocortical fibers can be detected magnetically outside the human brain","volume":"28","author":"Kimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10451","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-23-10451.1999","article-title":"Trial-to-trial variability and state-dependent modulation of auditory-evoked responses in cortex","volume":"19","author":"Kisley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066138","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.066138","article-title":"Estimating mutual information","volume":"69","author":"Kraskov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2004.1296544","article-title":"Mining information from event-related recordings","volume":"23","author":"Laskaris","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00124-4","article-title":"Semantic geodesic maps: a unifying geometrical approach for studying the structure and dynamics of single trial evoked responses","volume":"113","author":"Laskaris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00367-7","article-title":"Single-trial variability in early visual neuromagnetic responses: an explorative study based on the regional activation contributing to the n70m peak","volume":"20","author":"Laskaris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00560-5","article-title":"Explora tory data analysis of evoked response single trials based on minimal spanning tree","volume":"112","author":"Laskaris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(97)00068-0","article-title":"Bi-hemispheric study of single trial MEG signals of the human auditory cortex","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00353-1","article-title":"The human primary somatosensory cortex response contains components related to stimulus frequency and perception in a frequency discrimination task","volume":"121","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.017","article-title":"EEG and MEG: relevance to neuroscience","volume":"80","author":"Lopes da Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-007-9033-z","article-title":"A tutorial on spectral clustering","volume":"17","author":"Luxburg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat. Comput"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00325","article-title":"EEG source imaging: a practical review of the analysis steps","volume":"10","author":"Michel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64032-1.00006-0","article-title":"\u201cEEG source localization,","volume-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology: Basis and Technical Aspects","author":"Michel","year":"2019"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511921681","author":"Mieghem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Graph Spectra for Complex Networks"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.52.2318","article-title":"Estimation of mutual information using kernel density estimators","volume":"52","author":"Moon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(02)00053-8","article-title":"Consistent and precise localization of brain activity in human primary visual cortex by MEG and fmri","volume":"18","author":"Moradi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1109\/10.748978","article-title":"EEG and MEG: Forward solutions for inverse methods","volume":"46","author":"Mosher","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103","article-title":"Modularity and community structure in networks","volume":"103","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.054","article-title":"BA3b and BA1 activate in a serial fashion after median nerve stimulation: direct evidence from combining source analysis of evoked fields and cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps","volume":"54","author":"Papadelis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.054","article-title":"Can magnetoencephalography track the afferent information flow along white matter thalamo-cortical fibers?","volume":"60","author":"Papadelis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(95)00006-E","article-title":"Neural generators of early cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in the awake monkey","volume":"96","author":"Peterson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/NER49283.2021.9441387","article-title":"\u201cReconstruction of the very early thalamo-cortical network with combined EEG and MEG on realistic head modeling,\u201d","volume-title":"2021 10th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER)","author":"Politof","year":"2021"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBE.2019.00113","article-title":"\u201cEffective connectivity in the primary somatosensory network using combined EEG and MEG,\u201d","volume-title":"2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE)","author":"Politof","year":"2019"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20533","article-title":"Hand somatosensory subcortical and cortical sources assessed by functional source separation: an EEG study","volume":"30","author":"Porcaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.12.004","article-title":"Multiple frequency functional connectivity in the hand somatosensory network: an EEG study","volume":"124","author":"Porcaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1162\/NETN_a_00017","article-title":"Consensus clustering approach to group brain connectivity matrices","volume":"1","author":"Rasero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/32\/1\/004","article-title":"Basic mathematical and electromagnetic concepts of the biomagnetic inverse problem","volume":"32","author":"Sarvas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01129037","article-title":"Functional imaging and localization of electromagnetic brain activity","volume":"5","author":"Scherg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.128676","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography: basic principles","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6572","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0241-20.2020","article-title":"Temporal signatures of criticality in human cortical excitability as probed by early somatosensory responses","volume":"40","author":"Stephani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1109\/42.759120","article-title":"Mathematical analysis of lead field expansions","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00555-0","article-title":"Non-invasive imaging of neuronal population dynamics in human thalamus","volume":"729","author":"Tesche","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2017401118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017401118","article-title":"Noninvasive neuromagnetic single-trial analysis of human neocortical population spikes","volume":"118","author":"Waterstraat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PCC.11016co2cc","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.11016co2cc","article-title":"Improving outcomes in multiple sclerosis through early diagnosis and effective management","volume":"14","author":"Waubant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"B79","volume-title":"Introduction to Graph Theory. Featured Titles for Graph Theory","author":"West","year":"2001"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-005-6031-3","article-title":"Clustering of early cortical responses to median nerve stimulation from average and single trial MEG and EEG signals","volume":"17","author":"Zainea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596443","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2021.596443","article-title":"A quick and easy way to estimate entropy and mutual information for neuroscience","volume":"15","author":"Zbili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnsys.2023.1305022\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T05:51:57Z","timestamp":1704433917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnsys.2023.1305022\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnsys.2023.1305022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnsys.2023.1305022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5137"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5137","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"article-number":"1305022"}}