{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:37:52Z","timestamp":1791445072743,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Syst. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    As users transition from drivers to passengers in automated vehicles, they often take their eyes off the road to engage in non-driving activities. In driving simulators, visual motion is presented with scaled or without physical motion, leading to a mismatch between expected and perceived motion. Both conditions elicit motion sickness, calling for enhanced vehicle and simulator motion control strategies. Given the large differences in sickness susceptibility between individuals, effective countermeasures must address this at a personal level. This paper combines a group-averaged sensory conflict model with an individualized Accumulation Model (AM) to capture individual differences in motion sickness susceptibility across various conditions. The feasibility of this framework is verified using three datasets involving sickening conditions: (1) vehicle experiments with and without outside vision, (2) corresponding vehicle and driving simulator experiments, and (3) vehicle experiments with various non-driving-related tasks. All datasets involve passive motion, mirroring experience in automated vehicles. The preferred model (AM2) can fit individual motion sickness responses across conditions using only two individualized parameters (gain\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and time constant\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) instead of the original five, ensuring unique parameters for each participant and generalisability across conditions. An average improvement factor of 1.7 in fitting individual motion sickness responses is achieved with the AM2 model compared to the group-averaged AM0 model. This framework demonstrates robustness by accurately modeling distinct motion and vision conditions. A Gaussian mixture model of the parameter distribution across a population is developed, which predicts motion sickness in an unseen dataset with an average RMSE of 0.47. This model reduces the need for large-scale population experiments, accelerating research and development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2025.1531795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T02:17:27Z","timestamp":1750040247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Personalizing motion sickness models: estimation and statistical modeling of individual-specific parameters"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Varun","family":"Kotian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan M.","family":"Pool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riender","family":"Happee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle","volume":"1998","author":"Akaike","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"51","article-title":"\u201cDriving simulator studies for kinetosis-reducing control of active chassis systems in autonomous vehicles,\u201d","volume-title":"Driving Simulation Conference Proceedings","author":"Baumann","year":"2021"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"179","article-title":"\u201cMotion predictability and sickness,\u201d","volume-title":"Driving Simulation Conference Proceedings","author":"Bos","year":"2020"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Motion sickness symptoms in a ship motion simulator: effects of inside, outside, and no view","volume":"76","author":"Bos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(98)00088-4","article-title":"Modelling motion sickness and subjective vertical mismatch detailed for vertical motions","volume":"47","author":"Bos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2019.04.014","article-title":"Mathematical models for dynamic, multisensory spatial orientation perception","volume":"248","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2017.2717884","article-title":"Continuous subjective rating of perceived motion incongruence during driving simulation","volume":"48","author":"Cleij","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-022-06334-6","article-title":"Relating individual motion sickness levels to subjective discomfort ratings","volume":"2022","author":"De Winkel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"5351","article-title":"\u201cEvaluation of motion comfort using advanced active human body models and efficient simplified models,\u201d","volume-title":"IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings","author":"Desai","year":"2023"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2016.2602322","article-title":"Objective model selection for identifying the human feedforward response in manual control","volume":"48","author":"Drop","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effect of frequency of horizontal linear oscillation on motion sickness and somatogravic illusion","volume":"67","author":"Golding","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"537","article-title":"Effect of frequency and direction of horizontal oscillation on motion sickness","volume":"73","author":"Griffin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266345","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1266345","article-title":"Neck stabilization through sensory integration of vestibular and visual motion cues","volume":"14","author":"Happee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Efficient motion sickness assessment: recreation of on-road driving on a compact test track","author":"Harmankaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"175","article-title":"\u201cSimulator sickness ratings reduce with simulator motion when driven through urban environments,\u201d","volume-title":"Driving Simulation Conference Proceedings","author":"Hogerbrug","year":"2020"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"326","article-title":"Effect of roll oscillation frequency on motion sickness","volume":"74","author":"Howarth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"159","article-title":"\u201cA digital human model for symptom progression of vestibular motion sickness based on subjective vertical conflict theory,\u201d","volume-title":"2024 AHFE International Conference on Human Factors in Design, Engineering, and Computing (AHFE 2024 Hawaii Edition)","author":"Inoue","year":"2024"},{"key":"B18","year":"1997","journal-title":"ISO 2631-1:1997 - Mechanical vibration and shock- Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration- Part 1: General requirements"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06093-w","article-title":"Individual motion perception parameters and motion sickness frequency sensitivity in fore-aft motion","volume":"239","author":"Irmak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866503","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.866503","article-title":"Amplitude and temporal dynamics of motion sickness","volume":"16","author":"Irmak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-023-00959-8","article-title":"Validating models of sensory conflict and perception for motion sickness prediction","volume":"117","author":"Irmak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05986-6","article-title":"Objective and subjective responses to motion sickness: the group and the individual","volume":"239","author":"Irmak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10653","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3281724","article-title":"Optimal trajectory planning for mitigated motion sickness: simulator study assessment","volume":"24","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1138","article-title":"\u201cModeling and validation of carsickness mechanism,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference","author":"Kamiji","year":"2007"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"\u201cMotion cueing quality comparison of driving simulators using oracle motion cueing,\u201d","volume-title":"Driving Simulation Conference Proceedings","author":"Kolff","year":"2022"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-023-06747-x","article-title":"The role of vision in sensory integration models for predicting motion perception and sickness","volume":"242","author":"Kotian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res"},{"key":"B27","article-title":"\u201cModelling individual motion sickness accumulation in vehicles and driving simulators,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Driving Simulation Conference","author":"Kotian","year":"2023"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.07.007","article-title":"A centrifuge-based flight simulator: optimization of a baseline acceleration profile based on the motion sickness incidence","volume":"164","author":"Lewkowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7714","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3101050","article-title":"Mitigating motion sickness in automated vehicles with frequency-shaping approach to motion planning","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1109\/IV51971.2022.9827161","article-title":"\u201cMotion sickness modeling with visual vertical estimation and its application to autonomous personal mobility vehicles,\u201d","volume-title":"2022 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","author":"Liu","year":"2022"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA024709","volume-title":"Motion sickness incidence: exploratory studies of habituation, pitch and roll, and the refinement of a mathematical model","author":"McCauley","year":"1976"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.06.002","article-title":"Does the visual input matter? Influence of non-driving related tasks on car sickness in an open road setting","volume":"104","author":"Metzulat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Multisensory Observer Model for Human Spatial Orientation Perception","author":"Michael","year":"2009"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1139\/y90-044","article-title":"Motion sickness: a synthesis and evaluation of the sensory conflict theory","volume":"68","author":"Oman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/014107687807101109","article-title":"Motion sickness adaptation: a neural mismatch model","volume":"71","author":"Reason","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"183","article-title":"\u201cThe metrics for measuring motion sickness,\u201d","volume-title":"Driving Simulation Conference Proceedings","author":"Reuten","year":"2020"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the dimension of a model","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Statist"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103897","article-title":"Validation of a moving base driving simulator for motion sickness research","volume":"106","author":"Talsma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC42975.2020.9283350","article-title":"\u201cA computational model of motion sickness considering visual and vestibular information,\u201d","volume-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","author":"Wada","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnsys.2025.1531795\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T02:17:33Z","timestamp":1750040253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnsys.2025.1531795\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnsys.2025.1531795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnsys.2025.1531795","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5137"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5137","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"article-number":"1531795"}}