{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:07:29Z","timestamp":1790287649969,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Syst. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Binocular vision requires that the brain integrate input from both eyes to form a unified percept. Small interocular differences support depth perception (stereopsis), while larger disparities can cause diplopia or binocular rivalry. The neural mechanisms by which early visual circuits process concordant versus conflicting binocular signals remain incompletely understood. Here, we used visually evoked potentials (VEPs), unit recordings, and 2-photon calcium imaging in the binocular region of mouse primary visual cortex (bV1) to examine how distinct forms of binocular disparity engage local circuits. We found that interocular phase disparities reduced VEP magnitude through decreased neuronal firing early in the response (40\u201380\u202fms after stimulus onset). Orientation disparities also decreased VEP magnitude, but via increased firing later in the response (100\u2013200\u202fms). This late activity was enhanced in both regular-spiking (putative excitatory) and fast-spiking (putative parvalbumin-positive inhibitory) units. In contrast, calcium imaging revealed that somatostatin-positive interneurons were suppressed during orientation conflict. These findings suggest that phase differences suppress bV1 responses via feedforward mechanisms, while orientation disparities prolong activity through a process associated with suppression of somatostatin-positive interneurons. Our results reveal cell-type specific circuit mechanisms engaged by different forms of binocular conflict and provide a foundation for mechanistic investigations of perceptual suppression and rivalry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2026.1786396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:10:48Z","timestamp":1780035048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Circuit dynamics of binocular conflict in mouse primary visual cortex"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience Research, Children\u2019s National Hospital","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brandeis Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brandeis University","place":["Waltham, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark F.","family":"Bear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Gaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.6.751","article-title":"A current source density analysis of evoked responses in slices of adult rat visual cortex: implications for the regulation of long-term potentiation","volume":"6","author":"Aizenman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cereb. 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