{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:54:34Z","timestamp":1781074474234,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The autoimmune disease, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), results in the destruction of pancreatic \u03b2-cells, and the International Diabetes Federation reports that its incidence is increasing worldwide. T1DM is a complex disease due to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Certain dietary patterns and nutrients are known to cause epigenetic modifications in physiological conditions and diseases. However, the interplay between diet and epigenetics is not yet well-understood in the context of T1DM. Several studies have described epigenetic mechanisms involved in the autoimmune reactions that destroy the \u03b2-cells, but few explored diet components as potential triggers for epigenetic modifications. Clarifying the link between diet and epigenome can provide new insights into the pathogenesis of T1DM, potentially leading to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this mini review, we shed light on the influence of the diet-epigenome axis on the pathophysiology of T1DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.612115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T06:15:39Z","timestamp":1611814539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Interplay Between Diet and the Epigenome in the Pathogenesis of Type-1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Amira","family":"Kohil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Al-Asmakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashael","family":"Al-Shafai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Terranegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i1.8","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and complications in type 1 diabetes: new insights","volume":"6","author":"Bjornstad","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Diabetes."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0404-6","article-title":"Role of \u201cWestern diet\u201d in inflammatory autoimmune diseases","volume":"14","author":"Manzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k1497","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1497","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes among US adults in 2016 and 2017: population based study","volume":"362","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00805","article-title":"A systematic review of childhood diabetes research in the Middle East region","volume":"10","author":"Saraswathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-2-14","article-title":"Prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Karnal district, Haryana state, India","volume":"2","author":"Kalra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0048","article-title":"High proportion of adult cases and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes mellitus population in Korea: a nationwide study","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12597","article-title":"Genetics of type 1 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Redondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0076","article-title":"Genetics of type 1 diabetes: what's next?","volume":"59","author":"Pociot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12327","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in childhood\u2013estimation of HLA class II associated disease risk and class II effect in various phases of islet autoimmunity","volume":"17","author":"Ilonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.11.005","article-title":"Insulin as an autoantigen in NOD\/human diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160062","article-title":"CTLA-4 control over Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function","volume":"322","author":"Wing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12616","article-title":"Environmental determinants of type 1 diabetes: a role for overweight and insulin resistance","volume":"50","author":"Islam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Paediatrics Child Health."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30507-4","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes","volume":"387","author":"Rewers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000477729","article-title":"Guide for current nutrigenetic, nutrigenomic, and nutriepigenetic approaches for precision nutrition involving the prevention and management of chronic diseases associated with obesity","volume":"10","author":"Ramos-Lopez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lifestyle Genomics."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010036","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Cerna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.59","article-title":"The molecular hallmarks of epigenetic control","volume":"17","author":"Allis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.10.025","article-title":"Diet-microbiota interactions mediate global epigenetic programming in multiple host tissues","volume":"64","author":"Krautkramer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.75","article-title":"Serum fatty acids and risk of advanced \u03b2-cell autoimmunity: a nested case\u2013control study among children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type I diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Virtanen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1210","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00240.2018","article-title":"The effect of a short-term low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with or without postmeal walks on glycemic control and inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial","volume":"315","author":"Myette-C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.76","article-title":"Effect of diet and exercise, alone or combined, on weight and body composition in overweight-to-obese postmenopausal women","volume":"20","author":"Foster-Schubert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.317","article-title":"Infant exposures and development of type 1 diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY)","volume":"167","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00513.x","article-title":"Current evidence on the associations of breastfeeding, infant formula, and cow's milk introduction with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"70","author":"Patelarou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203947","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/203947","article-title":"Daycare attendance, breastfeeding, and the development of type 1 diabetes: the diabetes autoimmunity study in the young","volume":"2015","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12115","article-title":"The effect of childhood cow's milk intake and HLA-DR genotype on risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the diabetes autoimmunity study in the young","volume":"16","author":"Lamb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19826","article-title":"Effect of hydrolyzed infant formula vs. conventional formula on risk of type 1 diabetes: the TRIGR randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"Knip","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0628-5","article-title":"Early infant feeding and risk of developing islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Chmiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1983","article-title":"Early infant diet and islet autoimmunity in the TEDDY study","volume":"41","author":"Uusitalo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13663","article-title":"The glycaemic benefits of a very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus may be opposed by increased hypoglycaemia risk and dyslipidaemia","volume":"35","author":"Leow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.110","article-title":"Association of diet and lifestyle with glycated haemoglobin in type 1 diabetes participants in the EURODIAB prospective complications study","volume":"70","author":"Balk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy300","article-title":"A high-fiber diet decreases postabsorptive protein turnover but does not alter insulin sensitivity in men with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"149","author":"Bruttomesso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000008","article-title":"Higher fiber intake is associated with lower blood pressure levels in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Beretta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091184","article-title":"Type 1 diabetic subjects with diabetic retinopathy show an unfavorable pattern of fat intake","volume":"10","author":"Granado-Casas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1280-4","article-title":"Adults with type 1 diabetes eat a high-fat atherogenic diet that is associated with coronary artery calcium","volume":"52","author":"Snell-Bergeon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.72265","article-title":"Glycemic changes after vitamin D supplementation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Aljabri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2018.12.012","article-title":"Role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on residual beta cell function in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"71","author":"Habibian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03507.x","article-title":"1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits proliferation but not the suppressive function of regulatory T cells in the absence of antigen-presenting cells","volume":"134","author":"Khoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2278-2","article-title":"No association of vitamin D intake or 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in childhood with risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY)","volume":"54","author":"Simpson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0814","article-title":"No protective effect of calcitriol on \u03b2-cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes: the IMDIAB XIII trial","volume":"33","author":"Bizzarri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2017.10.002","article-title":"Epigenetics: a way to bridge the gap between biological fields","volume":"66","author":"Nicoglou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud History Philos Biol Biomed Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-017-0916-x","article-title":"The role of epigenetics in type 1 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Jerram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.05.002","article-title":"Epigenetics and type 1 diabetes: mechanisms and translational applications","volume":"185","author":"Zullo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2005.12.008","article-title":"Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators","volume":"31","author":"Klose","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2011.110","article-title":"Regulation of mammalian DNA methyltransferases: a route to new mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Denis","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170116","article-title":"Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1","volume":"324","author":"Tahiliani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12750","article-title":"TET enzymes, TDG and the dynamics of DNA demethylation","volume":"502","author":"Kohli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.11.008","article-title":"Allele-specific methylation of type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes","volume":"89","author":"Kindt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autoimmunity."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.10.001","article-title":"DNA methylation profiles in type 1 diabetes twins point to strong epigenetic effects on etiology","volume":"50","author":"Stefan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36278","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036278","article-title":"Association of the CpG methylation pattern of the proximal insulin gene promoter with type 1 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Fradin","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3897-4","article-title":"Methylation of insulin DNA in response to proinflammatory cytokines during the progression of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice","volume":"59","author":"Rui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68093","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068093","article-title":"CpG methylation changes within the IL2RA promoter in type 1 diabetes of childhood onset","volume":"8","author":"Belot","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-3-33","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Bell","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.05.015","article-title":"Epigenetics in formation, function, and failure of the endocrine pancreas","volume":"6","author":"Golson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Metab."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13525","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713736114","article-title":"Islet cells share promoter hypomethylation independently of expression, but exhibit cell-type-specific methylation in enhancers","volume":"114","author":"Neiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.08.012","article-title":"Novel epigenetic-sensitive clinical challenges both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Sommese","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Comp."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e3180457684","article-title":"Epigenetics and MicroRNAs","volume":"61","author":"Chuang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060308-103103","article-title":"Regulation of mRNA translation and stability by microRNAs","volume":"79","author":"Fabian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.10.061","article-title":"Integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiling identifies novel targets and pathological mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"50","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.07.028","article-title":"Analysis of miRNA expression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis during remission and relapse after a 5-year trial of tofacitinib treatment","volume":"63","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.03.044","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profile in plasma from type 1 diabetic patients: case-control study and bioinformatic analysis","volume":"141","author":"Assmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235903","article-title":"Profiling of RNAs from human islet-derived exosomes in a model of type 1 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Krishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000006","article-title":"Expression of miR-155, miR-146a, and miR-326 in T1D patients from Chile: relationship with autoimmunity and inflammatory markers","volume":"62","author":"Garc\u00eda-D\u00edaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020477","article-title":"Blood co-circulating extracellular microRNAs and immune cell subsets associate with type 1 diabetes severity","volume":"21","author":"Garavelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2957","article-title":"MicroRNAs: the fine-tuners of toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"11","author":"O'neill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2016.29","article-title":"Survival of autoreactive T lymphocytes by microRNA-mediated regulation of apoptosis through TRAIL and Fas in type 1 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"De Jong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Immunity."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-1207","article-title":"Circulating miRNA profiles associated with hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"67","author":"Satake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01417","article-title":"Two novel MicroRNA biomarkers related to \u03b2-cell damage and their potential values for early diagnosis of type 1 diabetes","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2017.10.014","article-title":"Urinary miRNA-377 and miRNA-216a as biomarkers of nephropathy and subclinical atherosclerotic risk in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"El-Samahy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.45","article-title":"Genetic sources of population epigenomic variation","volume":"17","author":"Taudt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2014.02.007","article-title":"Understanding the relationship between DNA methylation and histone lysine methylation","volume":"1839","author":"Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59786-7_7","article-title":"The molecular basis of histone demethylation","volume-title":"DNA and Histone Methylation as Cancer Targets","author":"Horton","year":"2017"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3427","article-title":"Histone acetylation: molecular mnemonics on the chromatin","volume":"14","author":"Gr\u00e4ff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00026","article-title":"Histone ubiquitination and deubiquitination in transcription, DNA damage response, and cancer","volume":"2","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12151","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1093","article-title":"Histone sumoylation promotes Set3 histone-deacetylase complex-mediated transcriptional regulation","volume":"48","author":"Ryu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0645","article-title":"Lymphocytes from patients with type 1 diabetes display a distinct profile of chromatin histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation: an epigenetic study in diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Miao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16335","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.330373","article-title":"Profiles of epigenetic histone post-translational modifications at type 1 diabetes susceptible genes","volume":"287","author":"Miao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02658.x","article-title":"Elevated plasma prostaglandins and acetylated histone in monocytes in Type 1 diabetes patients","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.06.012","article-title":"The role of nutrition on epigenetic modifications and their implications on health","volume":"94","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Chillar\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0727-9","article-title":"Duration of breastfeeding is associated with leptin (LEP) DNA methylation profiles and BMI in 10-year-old children","volume":"11","author":"Sherwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01832","article-title":"Butyrate and dietary soluble fiber improve neuroinflammation associated with aging in mice","volume":"9","author":"Matt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1120-6","article-title":"Fatty acids, epigenetic mechanisms and chronic diseases: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Becerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.12.006","article-title":"Effect of adding B-vitamins to vitamin D and calcium supplementation on CpG methylation of epigenetic aging markers","volume":"28","author":"Obeid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2980","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2980","article-title":"Methylation of Tcf712 promoter by high-fat diet impairs \u03b2-cell function in mouse pancreatic islets","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-1009","article-title":"Retinopathy in a diet-induced type 2 diabetic rat model and role of epigenetic modifications","volume":"69","author":"Kowluru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00871","article-title":"A maternal high-fat diet induces DNA methylation changes that contribute to glucose intolerance in offspring","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00398","article-title":"Changes of DNA methylation pattern in metabolic pathways induced by high-carbohydrate diet contribute to hyperglycemia and fat deposition in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.11.081","article-title":"Effects of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria on epigenetic regulation of FFAR3 in type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"537","author":"Remely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.11.007","article-title":"Association of low dietary folate intake with lower CAMKK2 gene methylation, adiposity, and insulin resistance in obese subjects","volume":"50","author":"Ramos-Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Res."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.05.010","article-title":"Folic acid supplementation alters the DNA methylation profile and improves insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-fed mice","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2017-0102","article-title":"Vitamin B12 supplementation influences methylation of genes associated with type 2 diabetes and its intermediate traits","volume":"10","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenomics."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-019-02316-w","article-title":"MiR-495 regulates macrophage M1\/M2 polarization and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed mice via targeting FTO","volume":"471","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv Eur J Physiol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11129","article-title":"Regulation of insulin resistance by targeting the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor with microRNA-122-5p in hepatic cells","volume":"43","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6156.1000676","article-title":"High protein\/fish oil diet prevents hepatic steatosis in NONcNZO10 mice; association with diet\/genetics-regulated micro-RNAs","volume":"7","author":"Adi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2020.158640","article-title":"Dysregulation of microRNA-125a contributes to obesity-associated insulin resistance and dysregulates lipid metabolism in mice","volume":"1865","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25912","article-title":"Decrease of microRNA-122 causes hepatic insulin resistance by inducing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, which is reversed by licorice flavonoid","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2019.106378","article-title":"A combination of LCPUFAs regulates the expression of miRNA-146a-5p in a murine asthma model and human alveolar cells","volume":"147","author":"Fussbroich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66816","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066816","article-title":"Dietary alleviation of maternal obesity and diabetes: increased resistance to diet-induced obesity transcriptional and epigenetic signatures","volume":"8","author":"Attig","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3713","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Mari\u00f1o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2064-1","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of diabetes with resveratrol in a non-obese mouse model of type 1 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091291","article-title":"Dietary cows' milk protein A1 beta-casein increases the incidence of T1D in NOD Mice","volume":"10","author":"Chia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-015-0050-1","article-title":"Epigenetic effects of casein-derived opioid peptides in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"12","author":"Trivedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4280-9","article-title":"Fatty acid status in infancy is associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity","volume":"60","author":"Niinist\u00f6","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13123","article-title":"Dissecting heterogeneity in paediatric type 1 diabetes: association of TCF7L2 rs7903146 TT and low-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes","volume":"34","author":"Redondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetic Med."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.03.019","article-title":"Saturated fatty acid intake decreases serum adiponectin levels in subjects with type 1 diabetes","volume":"116","author":"Eccel Prates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.143164","article-title":"Impact of polyunsaturated and saturated fat overfeeding on the DNA-methylation pattern in human adipose tissue: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Perfilyev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108495","article-title":"Pregestational diet transition to normal-fat diet avoids the deterioration of pancreatic \u03b2-cell function in male offspring induced by maternal high-fat diet","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398397-8.00006-X","article-title":"Genetic and epigenomic footprints of folate","volume":"108","author":"Salbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Progr Mol Biol Trans Sci"},{"key":"B109","author":"Audhya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Role of B Vitamins in Biological Methylation"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M117.067553","article-title":"The landscape of histone modifications in a high-fat Diet-Induced Obese (DIO) mouse model","volume":"16","author":"Nie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126931","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126931","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota in rats fed a high fat diet correlate with obesity-associated metabolic parameters","volume":"10","author":"Lecomte","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190368","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190368","article-title":"Influence of a diet enriched with virgin olive oil or butter on mouse gut microbiota and its correlation to physiological and biochemical parameters related to metabolic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Prieto","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.63","article-title":"Fiber and functional gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"108","author":"Eswaran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.118","article-title":"Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.3.397","article-title":"Butyrate inhibits inflammatory responses through NFkappaB inhibition: implications for Crohn's disease","volume":"47","author":"Segain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.056","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells to promote inflammatory responses in mice","volume":"145","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111843","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiota and type 1 diabetes mellitus: the state of art","volume":"8","author":"Durazzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00638","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation at the interplay between gut microbiota and host metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Miro-Blanch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Genet."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2020.612115\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T06:15:43Z","timestamp":1611814543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2020.612115\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":119,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2020.612115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2020.612115","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"article-number":"612115"}}