{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:10:41Z","timestamp":1753891841730,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ketosis and exercise are both associated with alterations in perceived appetite and modification of appetite-regulating hormones. This study utilized a ketone ester (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>)-3-hydroxybutyl (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) to examine the impact of elevated ketone body D-\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate (\u03b2HB) during and after a bout of exercise on appetite-related hormones, appetite perception, and <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic> energy intake over a 2 h post-exercise period. In a randomized crossover trial, 13 healthy males and females (age: 23.6 \u00b1 2.4 years; body mass index: 25.7 \u00b1 3.2 kg\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>) completed an exercise session @ 70% VO<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub> for 60 min on a cycling ergometer and consumed either: (1) Ketone monoester (KET) (0.5 g\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> pre-exercise + 0.25 g\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> post-exercise); or (2) isocaloric dextrose control (DEX). Transient ketonaemia was achieved with \u03b2HB concentrations reaching 5.0 mM (range 4.1\u20136.1 mM) during the post-exercise period. Relative to the dextrose condition, acyl-ghrelin (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.038) were both reduced by acute ketosis immediately following exercise. AUC for acyl-ghrelin was lower in KET compared to DEX (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), however there were no differences in AUC for GLP-1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.221) or PYY (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.654). Perceived appetite (hunger, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.388; satisfaction, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.082; prospective food consumption, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.254; fullness, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.282) and 2 h post-exercise <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic> energy intake (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.488) were not altered by exogenous ketosis. Although KE modifies homeostatic regulators of appetite, it does not appear that KE acutely alters energy intake during the post-exercise period in healthy adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.626480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T05:35:50Z","timestamp":1611120950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exogenous Ketones Lower Post-exercise Acyl-Ghrelin and GLP-1 but Do Not Impact Ad libitum Energy Intake"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Tetsuro E.","family":"Okada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Bomhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12230","article-title":"Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? 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