{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:06:25Z","timestamp":1783947985652,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold> Previous studies suggest that diet and inflammation are important risk factors for heart failure (HF); however, the associations remain unclear. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) was established to measure the inflammatory capacity of individuals' diet. This study aimed to explore the DII in HF subjects compared with controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods and Results:<\/jats:bold> We conducted a case\u2013control (116 cases and 113 controls) study that recruited in the similar clinics. DII scores were calculated based on dietary intakes. N-Terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and ejection fraction (EF) were assessed in both groups. In order to analyze DII scores with HF as the outcome, we used conditional logistic regression. A linear regression was applied to explore the associations between the DII and left ventricular EF (LVEF).<\/jats:p><jats:p>There was statistically significant difference in DII scores in cases vs. controls (\u22120.16 \u00b1 1.37 vs. \u22120.33 \u00b1 1.67; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.040). Conditional logistic regression has shown that subjects with higher DII scores had higher risk of HF. For every one-point rise in DII score, the odds of having HF increased by 30% (OR: 1.30; CI: 1.03, 1.69; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.047). The EF was inversely associated with saturated fatty acid (\u03b2 = \u22120.34, 95% CI: \u22120.61, \u22120.07; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012). Subjects with higher DII scores had higher NT-proBNP levels and had lower EF.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The DII score was associated with high probability of HF. It appears that consumption of anti-inflammatory diet may lead to the prevention of HF and therefore suggests that dietary modification with the goal of reducing DII scores could be a valuable strategy for improving clinical outcomes in these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.605396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T05:34:31Z","timestamp":1617687271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Related to Heart Failure Risk and Cardiac Function: A Case\u2013Control Study in Heart Failure 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