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Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the use of citrus pulp (CP) as a novel prebiotic capable of exerting microbiota and immunomodulating capacities to alleviate weaning stress. Inulin (IN), a well-known prebiotic, was used for comparison. Hundred and 28 male weaned piglets of 21 days old were assigned to 32 pens of 4 piglets each. Piglets were assigned to one of the four treatments, i.e., control, IN supplemented at 0.2% (IN0.2%), and CP supplemented either at 0.2% (CP0.2%) or at 2% (CP2%). On d10\u201311 and d31\u201332 post-weaning, one pig per pen was euthanized for intestinal sampling to evaluate the growth performance, chyme characteristics, small intestinal morphology, colonic inflammatory response and barrier integrity, metabolite profiles [gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)], and microbial populations. The IN treatment and the two CP treatments induced higher small intestinal villus height to crypt depth ratios in comparison with the control diet at both sampling times. All treatments decreased acidic goblet cell absolute counts in the crypts in comparison to the control diet of the duodenum on d10\u201311 and d31\u201332. The gene expression of \u03b2-defensin 2 was downregulated in colonic tissues following the IN and CP2% inclusion on d31\u201332. On d31\u201332, piglets fed with IN and CP0.2% showed lower mRNA levels of occludin and claudin-3, respectively. Not surprisingly, flavonoids were observed in the colon in the CP treatments. Increased colonic acetate proportions on d10\u201311, at the expense of branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) levels, were observed following the CP2% supplementation compared to the control diet, inferring a reduction of proteolytic fermentation in the hindgut. The beneficial microbial community <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic> spp. was promoted in the colon of piglets fed with CP2% on d10\u201311 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04; false discovery rate (FDR) non-significant) and on d31\u201332 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03; FDR non-significant) in comparison with the control diet. Additionally, on d31\u201332, CP2% increased the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Megasphaera<\/jats:italic> spp. compared to control values (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03; FDR non-significant). In conclusion, CP2% promoted the growth of beneficial bacterial communities in both post-weaning time points, modulating colonic fermentation patterns in the colon. The effects of CP supplementation were similar to those of IN and showed the potential as a beneficial feed supplement to alleviate weaning stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.650211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T14:30:37Z","timestamp":1638541837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Impact of Citrus Pulp or Inulin on Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolites, Barrier, and Immune Function of Weaned Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Uerlings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Ar\u00e9valo Sureda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Schroyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kikianne","family":"Kroeske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Tanghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maartje","family":"De Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Bruggeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Wavreille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Bindelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Purcaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Everaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.011","article-title":"review on early gut maturation and colonization in pigs, including biological and dietary factors affecting gut homeostasis","volume":"233","author":"Everaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","article-title":"The biological stress of early weaned piglets","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2007.440","article-title":"The low feed intake in newly-weaned pigs: problems and possible solutions","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian-Australasian J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01153","article-title":"The immature gut barrier and its importance in establishing immunity in newborn mammals","volume":"11","author":"Westr\u00f6m","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.01.091","article-title":"Weaning - A challenge to gut physiologists","volume":"108","author":"Lall\u00e8s","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.003","article-title":"Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: implications for lifelong gut health in pigs","volume":"3","author":"Moeser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.3.641","article-title":"Weaning is associated with an upregulation of expression of inflamatory cytokines in the intestine of piglets","volume":"134","author":"Pi\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(97)00057-2","article-title":"Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: a review","volume":"51","author":"Pluske","year":"1997","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.9.2256","article-title":"Weaning induces both transient and long-lasting modifications of absorptive, secretory, and barrier properties of piglet intestine","volume":"13","author":"Boudry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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