{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:22:40Z","timestamp":1792131760021,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Athletes often seek to use dietary supplements to increase performance during exercise. Among various supplements, much attention has been paid to beetroot in recent years. Beetroot is a source of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins; also, it is a natural source of nitrate and associated with improved sports performance. Nitrates can the modification of skeletal muscle contractile proteins or calcium handling after translation. The time to reach the peak plasma nitrate is between 1 and 3 h after consumption of a single dose of nitrate. Nitrate is metabolized by conversion to nitrite and subsequently nitric oxide. Beetroot can have various effects on athletic performance through nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is an intracellular and extracellular messenger for regulating certain cellular functions and causes vasodilation of blood vessels and increases blood flow. Nitric oxide seems to be effective in improving athletic performance by increasing oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients for better muscle fueling. Nitric oxide plays the main role in anabolic hormones, modulates the release of several neurotransmitters and the major mediators of stress involved in the acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to exercise. Beetroot is an important source of compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, betaline, and highly active phenolics and has high antioxidant properties. Beetroot supplement provides an important source of dietary polyphenols and due to the many health benefits. Phytochemicals of Beetroot through signaling pathways inhibit inflammatory diseases. In this study, the mechanisms responsible for these effects were examined and the research in this regard was reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.660150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T02:01:07Z","timestamp":1620871267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Possible Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Physical Performance Through Metabolic, Neuroendocrine, and Antioxidant Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hamid","family":"Arazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Eghbali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2147\/NDS.S52664","article-title":"Beetroot juice and exercise performance","volume":"5","author":"Ormsbee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Diet Suppl."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6355","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.6355","article-title":"Physiological effects of beetroot in athletes and patients","volume":"11","author":"Olsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0271","article-title":"Sports foods and dietary supplements for optimal function and performance enhancement in track-and-field athletes","volume":"29","author":"Peeling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.69301","article-title":"Nutritional, bioactive and physicochemical characteristics of different beetroot formulations","author":"Baiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Additives."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"976","article-title":"Beetroot: a health promoting functional food","volume":"1","author":"Chawla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inventi Rapid."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.08.022","article-title":"Bioactive compounds of beetroot and utilization in food processing industry: a critical review","volume":"30","author":"Chhikara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"2977","article-title":"Studies on evaluation of physical and chemical composition of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L","volume":"6","author":"Kale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Chem Stud."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Food Data Central: Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies with Standard Reference Legacy2019"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27131","article-title":"Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits","volume":"90","author":"Hord","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071812-161159","article-title":"Novel aspects of dietary nitrate and human health","volume":"33","author":"Weitzberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0149-y","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance","volume":"44","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5224","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6115224","article-title":"Nitrate ingestion: a review of the health and physical performance effects","volume":"6","author":"Clements","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2008.08.003","article-title":"The increase in plasma nitrite after a dietary nitrate load is markedly attenuated by an antibacterial mouthwash","volume":"19","author":"Govoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate is a possible source for systemic generation of nitric oxide","volume":"37","author":"Lundberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00372.2013","article-title":"Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships","volume":"115","author":"Wylie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2589-8","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation improves team sport-specific intense intermittent exercise performance","volume":"113","author":"Wylie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182a1dc51","article-title":"A single dose of beetroot juice enhances cycling performance in simulated altitude","volume":"46","author":"Muggeridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.12.015","article-title":"Influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on physiological and cognitive responses to incremental cycle exercise","volume":"193","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00046.2010","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans","volume":"109","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2015.04.006","article-title":"Nitrate pharmacokinetics: Taking note of the difference","volume":"48","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.004","article-title":"Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans","volume":"13","author":"Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523","article-title":"Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite","volume":"51","author":"Webb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333140-00001","article-title":"Exercise and the nitric oxide vasodilator system","volume":"33","author":"Maiorana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.273.1.H405","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle blood flow at rest and during dynamic exercise in humans","volume":"273","author":"Hickner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.6.2853","article-title":"Contribution of endothelium-derived nitric oxide to exercise-induced vasodilation","volume":"90","author":"Gilligan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0020","article-title":"IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete","volume":"28","author":"Maughan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071912","article-title":"Acute effects of beetroot juice supplements on resistance training: a randomized double-blind crossover","volume":"12","author":"Ranchal-Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-013-1220-5","article-title":"Influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on human skeletal muscle metabolism and force production during maximum voluntary contractions","volume":"465","author":"Fulford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcg Arch."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1053418","article-title":"The effect of nitrate supplementation on muscle contraction in healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"Hoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2015.1081572","article-title":"The effects of nitrate-rich supplementation on neuromuscular efficiency during heavy resistance exercise","volume":"35","author":"Flanagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001437","article-title":"Ingestion of a nitric oxide enhancing supplement improves resistance exercise performance","volume":"30","author":"Mosher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001321","article-title":"Beetroot juice increases human muscle force without changing Ca2+-handling proteins","volume":"49","author":"Whitfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0828","article-title":"Beetroot-based gel supplementation improves handgrip strength and forearm muscle O2 saturation but not exercise tolerance and blood volume in jiu-jitsu athletes","volume":"43","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2017.1401497","article-title":"Beetroot increases muscle performance and oxygenation during sustained isometric exercise, but does not alter muscle oxidative efficiency and microvascular reactivity at rest","volume":"37","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003509","article-title":"Effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on bench press power, velocity, and repetition volume","volume":"34","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0149","article-title":"Effect of beetroot juice supplementation on mood, perceived exertion, and performance during a 30-s wingate test","volume":"15","author":"Jodra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1788649","article-title":"The impact of beetroot juice supplementation on muscular endurance, maximal strength and countermovement jump performance","volume":"20","author":"Jonvik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.05.018","article-title":"Beetroot juice supplementation increases concentric and eccentric muscle power output. original investigation","volume":"24","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-5951.2015.05.03.2","article-title":"Beetroot juice supplementation increases high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and reduces oxidative stress in physically active individuals","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Nut Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0843","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate mimics exercise-stimulated muscular fiber-type switching and myokine and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid release","volume":"66","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00388-z","article-title":"Understanding the effects of beetroot juice intake on CrossFit performance by assessing hormonal, metabolic and mechanical response: a randomized, double-blind, crossover design","volume":"17","author":"Garnacho-Castano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01053.2018","article-title":"Effect of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on sympathetic vasoconstriction at rest and during exercise","volume":"127","author":"de Vries","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10030100","article-title":"An untargeted metabolomics approach to investigate the metabolic effect of beetroot juice supplementation in fencers\u2014a preliminary study","volume":"10","author":"Kozlowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R920","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00068.2014","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation: effects on plasma nitrite and pulmonary O2 uptake dynamics during exercise in hypoxia and normoxia","volume":"307","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6020605","article-title":"Effect of beetroot juice supplementation on aerobic response during swimming","volume":"6","author":"Pinna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0470","article-title":"Beetroot juice does not enhance altitude running performance in well-trained athletes","volume":"40","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2014-0129","article-title":"Acute beetroot juice supplementation does not improve cycling performance in normoxia or moderate hypoxia","volume":"25","author":"MacLeod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270844","article-title":"Beetroot juice supplementation reduces whole body oxygen consumption but does not improve indices of mitochondrial efficiency in human skeletal muscle","volume":"594","author":"Whitfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00658.2015","article-title":"No effect of acute beetroot juice ingestion on oxygen consumption, glucose kinetics, or skeletal muscle metabolism during submaximal exercise in males","volume":"120","author":"Betteridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00909.2016","article-title":"Influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on physiological and muscle metabolic adaptations to sprint interval training","volume":"122","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7050120","article-title":"Nitrate supplementation combined with a running training program improved time-trial performance in recreationally trained runners","volume":"7","author":"Santana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2019.1601601","article-title":"Beetroot juice does not enhance supramaximal intermittent exercise performance in elite endurance athletes","volume":"38","author":"Pawlak-Chaouch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13982","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13982","article-title":"No effect of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise economy and performance in recreationally active females despite increased torque production","volume":"7","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rep."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14574","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14574","article-title":"Acute beetroot juice supplementation improves exercise tolerance and cycling efficiency in adults with obesity","volume":"8","author":"Behrens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rep."},{"key":"B56","volume-title":"Benefits of Beetroot Supplementation on Maximal Exercise, Blood Pressure, and the Redox State of Blood","author":"Roth","year":"2015"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070571","article-title":"Changes in oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle damage markers following diet and beetroot juice supplementation in elite fencers","volume":"9","author":"Kozlowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.243121","article-title":"Impact of dietary nitrate supplementation via beetroot juice on exercising muscle vascular control in rats","volume":"591","author":"Ferguson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.232777","article-title":"Dietary nitrate increases tetanic [Ca2+]i and contractile force in mouse fast-twitch muscle","volume":"590","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.565bn.x","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen peroxide and dithiothreitol on contractile function of single skeletal muscle fibres from the mouse","volume":"509","author":"Andrade","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.04.010","article-title":"Improvements on neuromuscular performance with caffeine ingestion depend on the time-of-day","volume":"18","author":"Mora-Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5429","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278494","article-title":"Incubation with sodium nitrite attenuates fatigue development in intact single mouse fibres at physiological","volume":"597","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01036.2016","article-title":"Sodium nitrate ingestion increases skeletal muscle nitrate content in humans","volume":"123","author":"Nyakayiru","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.1.209","article-title":"Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle","volume":"81","author":"Stamler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90269-0","article-title":"Redox signaling: nitrosylation and related target interactions of nitric oxide","volume":"78","author":"Stamler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11209","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011209","article-title":"Direct regulation of striated muscle myosins by nitric oxide and endogenous nitrosothiols","volume":"5","author":"Evangelista","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20091144","article-title":"Myosin is reversibly inhibited by S-nitrosylation","volume":"424","author":"Nogueira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C316","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00334.2016","article-title":"S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation of Cys134 on troponin I have opposing competitive actions on Ca2+ sensitivity in rat fast-twitch muscle fibers","volume":"312","author":"Dutka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Physiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01460-4","article-title":"Inhibition of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase by nitric oxide","volume":"440","author":"Ishii","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00054-4","article-title":"The skeletal muscle calcium release channel: coupled O2 sensor and NO signaling functions","volume":"102","author":"Eu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4160(97)90093-2","article-title":"Nitric oxide activates skeletal and cardiac ryanodine receptors","volume":"21","author":"Stoyanovsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Calcium."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26473","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R113.460261","article-title":"Regulation of protein function and signaling by reversible cysteine S-Nitrosylation","volume":"288","author":"Gould","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13575","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13575","article-title":"Dietary nitrate-induced increases in human muscle power: high versus low responders","volume":"6","author":"-Coggan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rep."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2007","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms","volume":"88","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.5.1574","article-title":"Importance of muscle phosphocreatine during intermittent maximal cycling","volume":"80","author":"Trump","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.216341","article-title":"Dietary nitrate reduces muscle metabolic perturbation and improves exercise tolerance in hypoxia","volume":"589","author":"Vanhatalo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020533","article-title":"Recovery of power output and muscle metabolites following 30 s of maximal sprint cycling in man","volume":"482","author":"Bogdanis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.3.876","article-title":"Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply during repeated sprint exercise","volume":"80","author":"Bogdanis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.2.712","article-title":"Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise","volume":"75","author":"Gaitanos","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272270","article-title":"Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract?","volume":"595","author":"Coffey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0162-1","article-title":"Interference between concurrent resistance and endurance exercise: molecular bases and the role of individual training variables","volume":"44","author":"Fyfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt224","article-title":"Nitrite activates protein kinase A in normoxia to mediate mitochondrial fusion and tolerance to ischaemia\/reperfusion","volume":"101","author":"Pride","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14599","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14599","article-title":"Transient activation of mTORC1 signaling in skeletal muscle is independent of Akt1 regulation","volume":"8","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rep."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01011.2018","article-title":"Role of mTORC1 in mechanically induced increases in translation and skeletal muscle mass","volume":"127","author":"Goodman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000074","article-title":"Fiber type- specific effects of dietary nitrate","volume":"44","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232120-00002","article-title":"Factors affecting the rate of phosphocreatine resynthesis following intense exercise","volume":"32","author":"McMahon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.170233","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Siervo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259274","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-007-9116-7","article-title":"Energy turnover for Ca2 cycling in skeletal muscle","volume":"28","author":"Barclay","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)57190-3","article-title":"Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation. I. Kinetics of oxygen utilization","volume":"217","author":"Chance","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135165","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.86.1.135","article-title":"First-order kinetics of muscle oxygen consumption, and equivalent proportionality between QO2 and phosphorylcreatine level. implications for the control of respiration","volume":"86","author":"Mahler","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3915539165","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306409200","article-title":"Metabolic network control of oxidative phosphorylation: multiple roles of inorganic phosphate","volume":"278","author":"Bose","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00722.2009","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans","volume":"107","author":"Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Applied Physiol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.09.013","article-title":"AMPK-sensing energy while talking to other signaling pathways","volume":"20","author":"Hardie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E694","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00464.2005","article-title":"Effect of exercise intensity and hypoxia on skeletal muscle AMPK signaling and substrate metabolism in humans","volume":"290","author":"Wadley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8040134","article-title":"Dietary nitrate from beetroot juice for hypertension: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Bonilla Ocampo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111270","article-title":"Acute effects of nitrate-rich beetroot juice on blood pressure, hemostasis and vascular inflammation markers in healthy older adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"9","author":"Raubenheimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0207","article-title":"The effect of variable doses of inorganic nitrate-rich beetroot juice on simulated 2000-m rowing performance in trained athletes","volume":"9","author":"Hoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.14642\/RENC.2015.21.2.5099","article-title":"El efecto del zumo de remolacha sobre la presi\u00f3n arterial y el ejercicio f\u00edsico: revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"21","author":"Mart\u00ed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Esp Nutr Com."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260470103","article-title":"Transport of lactate and acetate through the energized cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli","volume":"47","author":"Axe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.22.1.64","article-title":"Nitrate supplementation's improvement of 10-km time-trial performance in trained cyclists","volume":"22","author":"Cermak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3580-6","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances short but no longer duration running time-trial performance","volume":"117","author":"Shannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00404","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation improves exercise tolerance by reducing muscle fatigue and perceptual responses","volume":"10","author":"Husmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.11.005","article-title":"New insights into corollary discharges mediated by identified neural pathways","volume":"30","author":"Poulet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2012.01399.x","article-title":"Perception of effort reflects central motor command during movement execution","volume":"49","author":"DeMorree","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.06.002","article-title":"Effects of incremental exercise on cerebral oxygenation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy: a systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Rooks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5565","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278076","article-title":"Human skeletal muscle nitrate store: influence of dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise","volume":"597","author":"Wylie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.10.005","article-title":"Nitrate uptake and metabolism in human skeletal muscle cell cultures","volume":"94","author":"Srihirun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10130","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.21.10130","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in the control of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release in vivo and in vitro","volume":"90","author":"Rettori","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-3-199402010-00009","article-title":"Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger","volume":"120","author":"Lowenstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00942-6","article-title":"Modulatory effect of L-NAME, a specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, on stress-induced changes in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels in rats: physiological significance of stress-induced NOS activation in hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis","volume":"776","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B111","unstructured":"The type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil influences salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate responses to maximal exercise in healthy men35104\n            Di LuigiL\n            BaldariC\n            SgroP\n            PietroEG\n            GallottaMC\n            BianchiniS\n          10.1210\/jc.2008-084718559908J Clin Endocrinol Metab.932008"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.6.3.396","article-title":"The relationship between serum and salivary cortisol levels in response to different intensities of exercise","volume":"6","author":"VanBruggen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.01.002","article-title":"Adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis, metabolism, and action","volume":"34","author":"Arlt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116832","article-title":"Metabolic effects of the nocturnal rise in cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism in normal humans","volume":"92","author":"Dinneen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.82.8.2528","article-title":"Effects of insulin-like growth factor I combined with growth hormone on glucocorticoidinduced whole-body protein catabolism in man","volume":"82","author":"Berneis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E172","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00544.2001","article-title":"Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans","volume":"283","author":"Djurhuus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.1999.00189.x","article-title":"Biphasic effect of nitric oxide on testosterone and cyclic GMP production by purified rat Leydig cells cultured in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Valenti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Androl."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fjc.0000161400.06704.1e","article-title":"Testosterone relaxes human internal mammary artery in vitro","volume":"45","author":"Yildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00732.x","article-title":"Effect of testosterone on potassium channel opening in human corporal smooth muscle cells","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105496","article-title":"Vascular mechanisms of testosterone: the non-genomic point of view","volume":"196","author":"Lorigo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1042\/0264-6021:3570593","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition","volume":"357","author":"Alderton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1006\/niox.1996.0112","article-title":"A tutorial on the diffusibility and reactivity of free nitric oxide","volume":"1","author":"Lancaster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1720572","article-title":"A requirement for the intercellular messenger nitric oxide in long-term potentiation","volume":"254","author":"Schuman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90759-W","article-title":"Nitric oxide induces neurotransmitter release from hippocampal slices","volume":"220","author":"Lonart","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199310000-00024","article-title":"Nitric oxide increases dopamine and serotonin release in the medial preoptic area","volume":"5","author":"Lorrain","year":"1993","journal-title":"NeuroReport."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.62020807.x","article-title":"Modulation of in vivo striatal transmitter release by nitric oxide and cyclic GMP","volume":"62","author":"Guevara-Guzman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701656","article-title":"Influence of excitatory amino acids on basal and sensory stimuli-induced release of 5-HT in the locus coeruleus","volume":"123","author":"Singewald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01890","article-title":"Neuromodulation of aerobic exercise\u2014a review","volume":"6","author":"Heijnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00283","article-title":"Emerging roles for serotonin in regulating metabolism: new implications for an ancient molecule","volume":"40","author":"Yabut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.40.070171.002341","article-title":"Biochemistry of Catecholamines","volume":"40","author":"Molinoff","year":"1971","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00230.2011","article-title":"Dopamine triggers skeletal muscle tone by activating D1-like receptors on somatic motoneurons","volume":"106","author":"Schwarz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2007.10.006","article-title":"Dopamine modulates mitochondrial function in viable SH-SY5Y cells possibly via its interaction with complex I: relevance to dopamine pathology in schizophrenia","volume":"1777","author":"Brenner-Lavie","year":"2008","journal-title":"BBA-BIOENERGETICS."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.6.1539S","article-title":"Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and catecholamine synthesis and function in the brain","volume":"137","author":"Fernstrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00284","article-title":"Sympathetic regulation of vascular function in health and disease","volume":"3","author":"Bruno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R818","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00426.2010","article-title":"Imbalance of central nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the regulation of sympathetic activity and neural mechanisms of hypertension","volume":"300","author":"Hirooka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020122600902","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in central sympathetic outflow","volume":"226","author":"Patel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2010.10.002","article-title":"Acute effect of a high nitrate diet on brain perfusion in older adults","volume":"24","author":"Presley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.817bv.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide mediates contraction-induced attenuation of sympathetic vasoconstriction in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"506","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.225334","article-title":"Peripheral vasodilatation determines cardiac output in exercising humans: insight from atrial pacing","volume":"590","author":"Bada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00144C","article-title":"Modulation of nitric oxide by flavonoids","volume":"5","author":"Duarte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04434.x","article-title":"(-) Epicatechin stimulates ERK-dependent cyclic AMP response element activity and up-regulates GluR2 in cortical neurons","volume":"101","author":"Schroeter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-008-0091-4","article-title":"The neuroprotective potential of flavonoids: a multiplicity of effects","volume":"3","author":"Vauzour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0533","article-title":"Acute dietary nitrate supplementation increases maximal cycling power in athletes","volume":"11","author":"Rimer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2005.04.022","article-title":"Nitric oxide and mitochondrial biogenesis: a key to long-term regulation of cellular metabolism","volume":"142","author":"Clementi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.223370","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase inhibition prevents activity-induced calcineurin-NFATc1 signalling and fast- to-slow skeletal muscle fibre type conversions","volume":"590","author":"Martins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00233","article-title":"Nitrate intake promotes shift in muscle fiber type composition during sprint interval training in hypoxia","volume":"7","author":"De Smet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2869-1_4","article-title":"Mitochondria and nitric oxide: chemistry and pathophysiology","volume":"942","author":"Sarti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000167","article-title":"Dietary nitrate enhances the contractile properties of human skeletal muscle","volume":"46","author":"Coggan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)01290-3","article-title":"Nanomolar concentrations of nitric oxide reversibly inhibit synaptosomal respiration by competing with oxygen at cytochrome oxidase","volume":"356","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)00424-2","article-title":"Reversible inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, by nitric oxide: implications for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"345","author":"Cleeter","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.75.6.1086","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of oxygen consumption in conscious dogs","volume":"75","author":"Shen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1510","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00996.2010","article-title":"Skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen uptake at rest and during exercise in humans: a PET study with nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase inhibition","volume":"300","author":"Heinonen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405368101","article-title":"On the mechanism and biology of cytochrome oxidase inhibition by nitric oxide","volume":"101","author":"Antunes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20021594","article-title":"Mitochondrial threshold effects","volume":"370","author":"Rossignol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-007-9074-1","article-title":"Nitric oxide increases oxidative phosphorylation efficiency","volume":"39","author":"Clerc","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bioenerg Biomembr."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00305-1","article-title":"Mitochondrial energy metabolism is regulated via nuclear-coded subunits of cytochrome c oxidase","volume":"29","author":"Kadenbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H838","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.281.2.H838","article-title":"Endogenous nitric oxide enhances coupling between O2 consumption and ATP synthesis in guinea pig hearts","volume":"281","author":"Shen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.151167","article-title":"Nitric oxide and mitochondrial signaling: from physiology to pathophysiology","volume":"27","author":"Erusalimsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.580","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial function and energetics by reactive nitrogen oxides","volume":"53","author":"Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01148.x","article-title":"EDHF: spreading the influence of the endothelium","volume":"164","author":"Garland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12065","article-title":"Performance food: promoting foods with a functional benefit in sports performance","volume":"38","author":"Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Bull."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq239","article-title":"Mitochondria in the diabetic heart","volume":"88","author":"Bugger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2016.04.004","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of dietary nitrate on the oxygen cost of moderate-intensity exercise: acute vs. chronic supplementation","volume":"57","author":"Wylie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518000132","article-title":"Nitrate supplementation improves physical performance specifically in non-athletes during prolonged open-ended tests: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Campos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-010-0156-6","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of betalain extracts from intact plants and hairy root cultures of the red beetroot beta vulgaris Cv","volume":"65","author":"Georgiev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Detroit Dark Red. Plant Foods Hum Nutr."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-001-0478-6","article-title":"Betalain and phenolic compositions of four beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) cultivars","volume":"214","author":"Kujala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Food Res Technol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2011.05.007","article-title":"A beetroot juice shot is a significant and convenient source of bioaccessible antioxidants","volume":"3","author":"Wootton-Beard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327914nc5301_11","article-title":"Betalains, Phase II enzyme-inducing components from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Extracts","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2013.10.003","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro antioxidant effects of beetroot pomace extracts","volume":"6","author":"Vulic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2535","article-title":"In vitro effects of beetroot juice and chips on oxidative metabolism and apoptosis in neutrophils from obese individuals","volume":"23","author":"Zieli\u0144ska-Przyjemska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2004.01.001","article-title":"Betalain biosynthesis by red beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) hairy root culture","volume":"40","author":"Pavlov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.4.941","article-title":"Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans","volume":"80","author":"Tesoriere","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.01.014","article-title":"Inactivation of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase by natural betalains and semi-synthetic analogues","volume":"154","author":"Vidal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.230S","article-title":"Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. i. review of 97 bioavailability studies","volume":"81","author":"Manach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0036","article-title":"Influence of dietary nitrate on the physiological determinants of exercise performance: a critical review","volume":"39","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq325","article-title":"Roles of dietary inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular health and disease","volume":"89","author":"Lundberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1010550","article-title":"Nitric oxide and redox mechanisms in the immune response","volume":"89","author":"Wink","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803315d","article-title":"Protective effect of red beetroot against carbon tetrachloride- and N-nitrosodiethylamineinduced oxidative stress in rats","volume":"57","author":"Kujawska","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3844\/ajbbsp.2005.180.185","article-title":"In vitro effects of beetroot juice on stimulated and unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"1","author":"Winkler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Biochem Biotechnol."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.10.033","article-title":"Stability of the total antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content of 23 commercially available vegetable juices before and after in vitro digestion measured by FRAP, DPPH, ABTS and Folin-Ciocalteu methods","volume":"44","author":"Wootton-Beard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res Int."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042801","article-title":"The potential benefits of red beetroot supplementation in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Tom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29909","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v60.29909","article-title":"Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory analyses of a nitrate enriched beetroot gel and its effects on plasmatic nitric oxide and blood pressure","volume":"60","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400484","article-title":"Betanin-a food colorant with biological activity","volume":"59","author":"Esatbeyoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071599","article-title":"NF kappa B is a key player in the crosstalk between inflammation and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"20","author":"Fiordelisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9237263","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9237263","article-title":"The role of Nrf2 in cardiovascular function and disease","volume":"2017","author":"Satta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1822277","article-title":"Betanin as a multipath oxidative stress and inflammation modulator: a beetroot pigment with protective effects on cardiovascular disease pathogenesis","volume":"60","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162750","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/162750","article-title":"Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview","volume":"2013","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520060405","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of flavonoids","volume":"6","author":"Bors","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bio Factors."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.4.418","article-title":"Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications","volume":"74","author":"Nijveldt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(89)90309-2","article-title":"Protein kinase C inhibition by plant flavonoids: kinetic mechanisms and structure\u2013activity relationships","volume":"38","author":"Ferriola","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-7470-2","author":"Nayik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants in Vegetables and Nuts-Properties and Health Benefits"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-011-0595-4","article-title":"Jern S, Hrafnkelsd\u00f3ttir TJ. The impaired fibrinolytic capacity in hypertension is unaffected by acute blood pressure lowering","volume":"32","author":"Ridderstr\u00e5le","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04222","article-title":"NADPH oxidase in the renal microvasculature is a primary target for blood pressure-lowering effects by inorganic nitrate and nitrite","volume":"65","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.06.002","article-title":"Dietary nitrate attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injuries by modulation of immune responses and reduction of oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox biology."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4623","article-title":"Strategies to increase nitric oxide signalling in cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Lundberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13080","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13080","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying blood pressure reduction by dietary inorganic nitrate","volume":"224","author":"Carlstrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.660150\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T02:01:14Z","timestamp":1620871274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.660150\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":196,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2021.660150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.660150","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"article-number":"660150"}}