{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:29:34Z","timestamp":1791916174141,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A total of 64 pregnant Bama mini-pigs were used to investigate the effects of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation during gestation and lactation on immune response, intestinal morphology, and microbiota community of offspring piglets. The sows were assigned randomly to one of four groups, control group (basal diet), antibiotic group (basal diet supplemented with 50 g\/t virginiamycin), probiotic group (basal diet supplemented with 200 mL\/d probiotic fermentation broth per pig), or synbiotic group (basal diet supplemented with 200 mL\/d probiotic fermentation broth per pig + 500 g\/t xylo-oligosaccharides) during pregnancy and lactation periods. After weaning, two piglets close to the average body weight (BW) per litter were selected and fed a basal diet. Eight piglets with similar BW were selected from each group for sample collection at 65 d-old. The results showed that plasma interleukin (IL)-2 and lipopolysaccharide concentrations were decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) in the probiotic group, while the immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration in the probiotic and synbiotic groups was increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), when compared with the control group. The jejunal IL-10, interferon-\u03b1, and secretory IgA (sIgA) concentrations were increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) in the probiotic and synbiotic groups, as well as the ileal sIgA concentration in the probiotic group. The jejunal villus height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth were increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) in the probiotic group, as well as the ileal VH in the synbiotic group. Furthermore, the piglets from the antibiotic group exhibited a lower microbiota diversity in the jejunum and ileum. The piglets from the synbiotic group had higher relative abundances of <jats:italic>Actinobacteria, Bifidobacterium, Turicibacter<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> in the jejunum compared with the antibiotic group. Dietary probiotic treatment increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Psychrobacter<\/jats:italic> in the ileum compared with the antibiotic and control groups. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the relative abundances of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium, Clostridium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic> in the jejunum and <jats:italic>Psychrobacter<\/jats:italic> in the ileum, were positively correlated with the alterations of immunoglobulin and cytokines. Collectively, these findings suggest that maternal interventions with probiotic or synbiotic are promising strategies for improving the immune response of offspring piglets by altering the gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.686053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T05:27:37Z","timestamp":1625808457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The Enhancement of Intestinal Immunity in Offspring Piglets by Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation Is Associated With the Alteration of Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengjun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Abul Kalam","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangfeng","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2017.07.010","article-title":"Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its impact on health in later life","volume":"66","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol Int."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.21215","article-title":"Microbial ecology and host-microbiota interactions during early life stages","volume":"3","author":"Collado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.07.010","article-title":"Modulation of immune development and function by intestinal microbiota","volume":"35","author":"Kabat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.06.004","article-title":"Nutrition recommendations in pregnancy and lactation","volume":"100","author":"Kominiarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.07.008","article-title":"Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Koren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0761-3","article-title":"Viable bacterial colonization is highly limited in the human intestine in utero","volume":"26","author":"Rackaityte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-00664-8","article-title":"Could baby's first bacteria take root before birth?","volume":"553","author":"Willyard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23129","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23129","article-title":"Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid","volume":"6","author":"Collado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07631-x","article-title":"Birth mode is associated with earliest strain-conferred gut microbiome functions and immunostimulatory potential","volume":"9","author":"Wampach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.0378","article-title":"Association between breast milk bacterial communities and establishment and development of the infant gut microbiome","volume":"171","author":"Pannaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200403000-00012","article-title":"Administration of oral probiotic bacteria to pregnant women causes temporary infantile colonization","volume":"38","author":"Schultz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02063-08","article-title":"Isolation of Bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR","volume":"75","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1898-4","article-title":"Microbiota-targeted maternal antibodies protect neonates from enteric infection","volume":"577","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.215","article-title":"Enterococcus faecium supplementation in sows during gestation and lactation improves the performance of sucking piglets","volume":"6","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5821","article-title":"The effect of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial supplemented to sows on the gastrointestinal microbiota of their neonatal piglets","volume":"91","author":"Baker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-267x.2020.01.018","article-title":"Effects of dietary Lactobacillus and Yeast fermentation broth on reproductive performance, colostrum composition and plasma biochemical indexes of sows","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104221","article-title":"Dietary synbiotic alters plasma biochemical parameters and fecal microbiota and metabolites in sows","volume":"75","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-267x.2016.08.028","article-title":"Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide on growth performance, diarrhea rate and plasma biochemical parameters of weaned piglets","volume":"28","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8829072","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8829072","article-title":"Alterations in the blood parameters and fecal microbiota and metabolites during pregnant and lactating stages in Bama mini pigs as a model","volume":"2020","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Swine","year":"2012"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.05.026","article-title":"Leucine reduces reactive oxygen species levels via an energy metabolism switch by activation of the mTOR-HIF-1alpha pathway in porcine intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"89","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.044","article-title":"mTORC1 and SIRT1 cooperate to foster expansion of gut adult stem cells during calorie restriction","volume":"166","author":"Igarashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37224","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37224","article-title":"Colonic luminal microbiota and bacterial metabolite composition in pregnant Huanjiang mini-pigs: effects of food composition at different times of pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00508","article-title":"Application of high-throughput sequencing in understanding human oral microbiome related with health and disease","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Magoc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03006-05","article-title":"Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB","volume":"72","author":"DeSantis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.001172","article-title":"Gut microbiota and probiotic in maternal and infant health","volume":"94","author":"Sanz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030195","article-title":"Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 simultaneously enhances systemic and mucosal humoral immunity in low birth weight infants: a non-randomized study","volume":"9","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00354","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis improves immunity and disease resistance in rabbits","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.169","article-title":"The intestinal epithelial barrier: a therapeutic target?","volume":"14","author":"Odenwald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.905450","article-title":"Modulation of intestinal epithelial defense responses by probiotic bacteria","volume":"56","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00897","article-title":"Lactobacillus frumenti facilitates intestinal epithelial barrier function maintenance in early-weaned piglets","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02485E","article-title":"Dietary xylo-oligosaccharide improves intestinal functions in weaned piglets","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.04.003","article-title":"The intestinal epithelial barrier in the control of homeostasis and immunity","volume":"32","author":"Rescigno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00406-06","article-title":"Proposed model: mechanisms of immunomodulation induced by probiotic bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Galdeano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030575","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 supplementation in rats during pregnancy and lactation impacts maternal and offspring lipid profile, immune system and microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Azagra-Boronat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9546.S1-001","article-title":"Probiotic Psychrobacter sp. improved the autochthonous microbial diversity along the gastrointestinal tract of grouper epinephelus coioides","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Aquac Res Dev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.01.001","article-title":"Evaluation of marine psychrophile, Psychrobacter namhaensis so89, as a probiotic in nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) diets","volume":"61","author":"Saad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9097-z","article-title":"Diet simplification selects for high gut microbial diversity and strong fermenting ability in high-altitude pikas","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.21288","article-title":"Collateral effects of antibiotics on mammalian gut microbiomes","volume":"3","author":"Looft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13285","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13285","article-title":"Role of the immune system in vascular function and blood pressure control induced by faecal microbiota transplantation in rats","volume":"227","author":"Toral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0402-1","article-title":"Clostridium species as probiotic: potentials and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-009-0491-x","article-title":"Comparative study of Bifidobacterium animalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic properties","volume":"191","author":"Martins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00979","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon bacteria: importance and strategies for their stimulation in the human gut","volume":"7","author":"Audrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01486","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"11","author":"Parada Venegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.686053\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T05:27:42Z","timestamp":1625808462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.686053\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2021.686053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.686053","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"article-number":"686053"}}