{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:23:50Z","timestamp":1780392230222,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pre-term infants have an immature digestive system predisposing to short- and long-term complications including feeding intolerance, maldigestion and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Optimal feeding strategies are required to promote maturation of the gut including the exocrine pancreas. Little is known about age- and diet-related development of pancreatic exocrine enzymes following pre-term birth. Currently, bovine colostrum supplementation is investigated in clinical trials on pre-term infants. Using pigs as models for infants, we hypothesized that pancreatic enzyme content is (1) immature following pre-term birth, (2) stimulated by early colostrum supplementation, and (3) stimulated by later colostrum fortification. Thus, using piglets as models for infants, we measured trypsin, amylase, lipase and total protein in pancreatic tissue collected from piglets delivered by cesarean section either pre-term (90% gestation) or close to term. Experiment 1:Pre-term and term pigs were compared at birth and 11 days. Experiment 2: Pre-term and term pigs were either enterally supplemented with bovine colostrum or fed total parenteral nutrition for 5 days, followed by exclusive milk feeding until day 26. Experiment 3: Pre-term pigs were fed bovine's milk with or without colostrum fortification until 19 days. The results showed that pancreatic trypsin, amylase and total protein contents were reduced in pre-term vs. term pigs. Trypsin mainly increased with advancing post-conceptional age (2-fold), while amylase was affected predominantly by advancing post-natal age, and mostly in pre-term pigs from birth to 11 or 26 days. Colostrum feeding in both term and pre-term piglets decreased trypsin and increased amylase contents. Lipase activity decreased with advancing gestational age at birth and post-natal age, with no consistent responses to colostrum feeding, with lipase activities decreasing relative to total pancreatic protein content. In summary, key pancreatic enzymes, amylase and trypsin, are immature following pre-term birth, potentially contributing to reduced digestive capacity in pre-term neonates. Rapid post-natal increases occurs within few weeks of pre-term birth, partly stimulated by enteral colostrum intake, reflecting a marked adaptation capacity. Alternatively, lipase is less affected by pre-\/post-natal age and feeding. Thus, there is a highly enzyme-specific and asymmetric perinatal development of the exocrine pancreas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.687056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T05:28:36Z","timestamp":1624512516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exocrine Pancreatic Maturation in Pre-term and Term Piglets Supplemented With Bovine Colostrum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ester","family":"Ar\u00e9valo Sureda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kateryna","family":"Pierzynowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Westr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per 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