{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:44:01Z","timestamp":1790621041345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) has protective effects on gastrointestinal functions. Our previous study found that GLP-2 could significantly reduce intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) animal model. However, the effects of GLP-2 on the impairment of the intestinal Paneth cells immune function and gut inflammation during intravenous fluid infusion mainly consisted of nutritional materials is currently scattered.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> The current study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of the GLP-2 in alleviating gut inflammation and modulating enteric Paneth cells immune response in parenterally fed mice and its underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Thirty-six male ICR mice underwent venous catheterization were divided into 3 groups: Chow, TPN, and TPN+GLP-2 groups. GLP-2 was administered intravenously at 60 \u03bcg\/day for 5 days. The small intestine tissue and serum samples were collected on the 7th day.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Compared with the TPN group, the expression of tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-1 were significantly increased in the TPN+GLP-2 group. In addition, the expression of lysozyme, sPLA2, insulin-like growth factor-1, and epithelial protection and repair genes were improved in the TPN+GLP-2 group. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 proteins and mRNAs in the ileum tissues were remarkably reduced in the TPN+GLP-2 group, while IL-10 protein and mRNA level were elevated in the TPN+GLP-2 group (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Moreover, the TPN+GLP-2 group has higher levels of serum endotoxin, D-lactic acid, and MPO than those of the TPN group.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> GLP-2 alleviated gut inflammation and improved enteric Paneth cells immune responses through intravenous fluid infusion, possibly by improving the functioning of epithelial protection and repair, and reducing mucosal inflammatory responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.688715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T10:16:48Z","timestamp":1630750608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Modulates Enteric Paneth Cells Immune Response and Alleviates Gut Inflammation During Intravenous Fluid Infusion in Mice With a Central 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