{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:50:16Z","timestamp":1789044616326,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assessment of muscle mass (MM) or its proxies, lean tissue mass (LTM) or fat-free mass (FFM), is an integral part of the diagnosis of protein-energy wasting (PEW) and sarcopenia in patients on hemodialysis (HD). Both sarcopenia and PEW are related to a loss of functionality and also increased morbidity and mortality in this patient population. However, loss of MM is a part of a wider spectrum, including inflammation and fluid overload. As both sarcopenia and PEW are amendable to treatment, estimation of MM regularly is therefore of major clinical relevance. Whereas, computer-assisted tomography (CT) or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered a reference method, it is unsuitable as a method for routine clinical monitoring. In this review, different bedside methods to estimate MM or its proxies in patients on HD will be discussed, with emphasis on biochemical methods, simplified creatinine index (SCI), bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), and muscle ultrasound (US). Body composition parameters of all methods are related to the outcome and appear relevant in clinical practice. The US is the only parameter by which muscle dimensions are measured. BIS and SCI are also dependent on either theoretical assumptions or the use of population-specific regression equations. Potential caveats of the methods are that SCI can be influenced by residual renal function, BIS can be influenced by fluid overload, although the latter may be circumvented by the use of a three-compartment model, and that muscle US reflects regional and not whole body MM. In conclusion, both SCI and BIS as well as muscle US are all valuable methods that can be applied for bedside nutritional assessment in patients on HD and appear suitable for routine follow-up. The choice for either method depends on local preferences. However, estimation of MM or its proxies should always be part of a multidimensional assessment of the patient followed by a personalized treatment strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.697523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T01:45:26Z","timestamp":1629078326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Estimation of Muscle Mass in the Integrated Assessment of Patients on Hemodialysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natascha J. H.","family":"Broers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank M.","family":"van der Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc H.","family":"Hemmelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Fiaccadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen P.","family":"Kooman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2014.06.008","article-title":"A simple protein-energy wasting score predicts survival in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"24","author":"Moreau-Gaudry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12730","article-title":"Dietary protein and nutritional supplements in conventional hemodialysis","volume":"34","author":"Sabatino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Dial."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00840-y","article-title":"Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: what have we learned so far?","author":"Sabatino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nephrol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002585","article-title":"A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"73","author":"Fouque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010147","article-title":"Uremic sarcopenia and its possible nutritional approach","volume":"13","author":"Noce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012010047","article-title":"Frailty and protein-energy wasting in elderly patients with end stage kidney disease","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000510624","article-title":"The effects of chronic dialysis on physical status, quality of life, and arterial stiffness: a longitudinal study in prevalent dialysis patients","volume":"145","author":"Gadaen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephron."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12812","article-title":"Three compartment bioimpedance spectroscopy in the nutritional assessment and the outcome of patients with advanced or end stage kidney disease: what have we learned so far?","volume":"24","author":"Broers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hemodial Int."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.185","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and premature ageing","volume":"10","author":"Kooman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113616","article-title":"Low intracellular water, overhydration, and mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Gracia-Iguacel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1115-1","article-title":"Prevalence and overlap of sarcopenia, frailty, cachexia and malnutrition in older medical inpatients","volume":"19","author":"Gingrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa174","article-title":"Using a generic definition of cachexia in patients with kidney disease receiving haemodialysis: a longitudinal (pilot) study","author":"McKeaveney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"the extended Group for: Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000356760","article-title":"Sarcopenia, cachexia and aging: diagnosis, mechanisms and therapeutic options - a mini-review","volume":"60","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gerontology."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08550814","article-title":"Body composition and survival in dialysis patients: results from an international cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Marcelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0242671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242671","article-title":"Bed-side measures for diagnosis of low muscle mass, sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity in patients with chronic kidney disease under non-dialysis-dependent, dialysis dependent and kidney transplant therapy","volume":"15","author":"Bellafronte","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2016.09.010","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity definitions by body composition and mortality in the hemodialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Malhotra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2015.10.001","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in body composition in patients after initiation of hemodialysis therapy: results from an international cohort","volume":"26","author":"Marcelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.03.012","article-title":"New reference values for body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis in the general population: results from the UK Biobank","volume":"15","author":"Franssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114550189","article-title":"Lean tissue imaging: a new era for nutritional assessment and intervention","volume":"38","author":"Prado","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10230","article-title":"Body composition technology: implications for the ICU","volume":"34","author":"Mundi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2014.08.007","article-title":"Body composition in dialysis patients: a functional assessment of bioimpedance using different prediction models","volume":"25","author":"Broers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2020.03.05","article-title":"Muscle mass assessment in renal disease: the role of imaging techniques","volume":"10","author":"Sabatino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.345","article-title":"Measurement of fat mass using DEXA: a validation study in elderly adults","volume":"89","author":"Salamone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080302300215","article-title":"Influence of fluid status on techniques used to assess body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"23","author":"Konings","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm889","article-title":"Current state of bioimpedance technologies in dialysis","volume":"23","author":"Kotanko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10895","DOI":"10.3390\/s140610895","article-title":"The theory and fundamentals of bioimpedance analysis in clinical status monitoring and diagnosis of diseases","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.149","article-title":"Evolution of bioimpedance: a circuitous journey from estimation of physiological function to assessment of body composition and a return to clinical research","volume":"67","author":"Lukaski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000350817","article-title":"Comparison of bioimpedance and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for measurement of fat mass in hemodialysis patients","volume":"122","author":"Molfino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/27\/9\/012","article-title":"Body fluid volume determination via body composition spectroscopy in health and disease","volume":"27","author":"Moissl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Meas."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.80","article-title":"A whole-body model to distinguish excess fluid from the hydration of major body tissues","volume":"85","author":"Chamney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S517","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/29\/6\/S43","article-title":"Single- and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyses to analyse body composition in maintenance haemodialysis patients: comparison with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry","volume":"29","author":"Donadio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Meas."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrn.2005.04.001","article-title":"Estimate of body water compartments and of body composition in maintenance hemodialysis patients: comparison of single and multifrequency bioimpedance analysis","volume":"15","author":"Donadio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000366447","article-title":"Agreement of single- and multi-frequency bioimpedance measurements in hemodialysis patients: an ancillary study of the frequent hemodialysis network daily trial","volume":"128","author":"Raimann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.358","article-title":"Comparison of fluid volume estimates in chronic hemodialysis patients by bioimpedance, direct isotopic, dilution methods","volume":"85","author":"Raimann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.07.010","article-title":"Assessing appendicular skeletal muscle mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in free-living Caucasian older adults","volume":"34","author":"Sergi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.06.005","article-title":"Interactions between malnutrition, inflammation, and fluid overload and their associations with survival in prevalent hemodialysis patients","volume":"28","author":"Dekker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67019-0","article-title":"Comparative performance of body composition parameters in prediction of death in hospitalized patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2017.1419963","article-title":"Risk of overhydration and low lean tissue index as measured using a body composition monitor in patients on hemodialysis: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ren Fail."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.05.003","article-title":"Comparison of DEXA and bioimpedance for body composition measurements in nondialysis patients with CKD","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2016.08.003","article-title":"Validating body fat assessment by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy in Taiwanese hemodialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","article-title":"KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update","volume":"76","author":"Ikizler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035017","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aa6f45","article-title":"The body composition monitor: a flexible tool for routine fluid management across the haemodialysis population","volume":"3","author":"Keane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Phys Eng Exp."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy095","article-title":"Pre-dialysis fluid status, pre-dialysis systolic blood pressure and outcome in prevalent haemodialysis patients: results of an international cohort study on behalf of the MONDO initiative","volume":"33","author":"Dekker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1669","article-title":"American society for parenteral and enteral nutrition clinical guidelines: the validity of body composition assessment in clinical populations","volume":"44","author":"Sheean","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0355-z","article-title":"Lack of agreement of in vivo raw bioimpedance measurements obtained from two single and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance devices","volume":"73","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0079-1","article-title":"Serum creatinine as a marker of muscle mass in chronic kidney disease: results of a cross-sectional study and review of literature","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft213","article-title":"Serum creatinine level, a surrogate of muscle mass, predicts mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93286","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093286","article-title":"Creatinine index as a surrogate of lean body mass derived from urea Kt\/V, pre-dialysis serum levels and anthropometric characteristics of haemodialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Canaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm573","article-title":"Creatinine index and transthyretin as additive predictors of mortality in haemodialysis patients","volume":"23","author":"Terrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa098","article-title":"Clinical and predictive value of simplified creatinine index used as muscle mass surrogate in end-stage kidney disease haemodialysis patients-results from the international MONitoring Dialysis Outcome initiative","volume":"35","author":"Canaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2017.06.006","article-title":"Dynamics of nutritional competence in the last year before death in a large cohort of US hemodialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08430814","article-title":"Nutritional competence and resilience among hemodialysis patients in the setting of dialysis initiation and hospitalization","volume":"10","author":"Thijssen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz143","article-title":"Relationship between serum phosphate levels and survival in chronic hemodialysis patients: interactions with age, malnutrition and inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0349-4","article-title":"Sarcopenia in daily practice: assessment and management","volume":"16","author":"Beaudart","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.09.029","article-title":"Reliability of bedside ultrasound for measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury","volume":"36","author":"Sabatino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.004","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of muscle mass by ultrasonography of quadriceps femoris muscle in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis","volume":"38","author":"Sabatino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000821","article-title":"Ultrasound for the assessment of peripheral skeletal muscle architecture in critical illness: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Connolly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.11.013","article-title":"Muscle ultrasound and sarcopenia in older individuals: a clinical perspective","volume":"18","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00659-2","article-title":"Validation by CT scan of quadriceps muscle ultrasound in acute kidney injury","volume":"33","author":"Sabatino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e392","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e392","article-title":"Rectus femoris muscle mass evaluation by ultrasound: facilitating sarcopenia diagnosis in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease stages","volume":"73","author":"Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinics."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113597","article-title":"Association of ultrasound-derived metrics of the quadriceps muscle with protein energy wasting in hemodialysis patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Sahathevan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622823","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.622823","article-title":"Ultrasound for non-invasive assessment and monitoring of quadriceps muscle thickness in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury","volume":"8","author":"Sabatino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12429","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of muscle mass in response to exercise training in chronic kidney disease: a comparison with MRI","author":"Gould","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10261013","article-title":"Comparative associations of muscle mass and muscle strength with mortality in dialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Isoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1299-9","article-title":"Living-donor transplantation leads to a major improvement in physical functioning: an observational study on the impact on potential donors and their recipients","volume":"20","author":"Broers","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000430814","article-title":"Quality of life in dialysis patients: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"130","author":"Broers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephron."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000502447","article-title":"Exercise training and outcomes in hemodialysis patients: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20140447","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prevents muscle wasting in critically ill comatose patients","volume":"128","author":"Dirks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09411209","article-title":"Plasma volume, albumin, and fluid status in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"5","author":"John","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.697523\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T01:45:28Z","timestamp":1629078328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.697523\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2021.697523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.697523","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"article-number":"697523"}}