{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:42:21Z","timestamp":1791232941331,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this manuscript, a series of research reports focused on dietary lipid oxidation products (LOPs), their toxicities and adverse health effects are critically reviewed in order to present a challenge to the mindset supporting, or strongly supporting, the notion that polyunsaturated fatty acid-laden frying oils are \u201csafe\u201d to use for high-temperature frying practises. The generation, physiological fates, and toxicities of less commonly known or documented LOPs, such as epoxy-fatty acids, are also considered. Primarily, an introduction to the sequential autocatalytic peroxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) occurring during frying episodes is described, as are the potential adverse health effects posed by the dietary consumption of aldehydic and other LOP toxins formed. In continuance, statistics on the dietary consumption of fried foods by humans are reviewed, with a special consideration of French fries. Subsequently, estimates of human dietary aldehyde intake are critically explored, which unfortunately are limited to acrolein and other lower homologues such as acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. However, a full update on estimates of quantities derived from fried food sources is provided here. Further items reviewed include the biochemical reactivities, metabolism and volatilities of aldehydic LOPs (the latter of which is of critical importance regarding the adverse health effects mediated by the inhalation of cooking\/frying oil fumes); their toxicological actions, including sections focussed on governmental health authority tolerable daily intakes, delivery methods and routes employed for assessing such effects in animal model systems, along with problems encountered with the Cramer classification of such toxins. The mutagenicities, genotoxicities, and carcinogenic potential of aldehydes are then reviewed in some detail, and following this the physiological concentrations of aldehydes and their likely dietary sources are considered. Finally, conclusions from this study are drawn, with special reference to requirements for (1) the establishment of tolerable daily intake (TDI) values for a much wider range of aldehydic LOPs, and (2) the performance of future nutritional and epidemiological trials to explore associations between their dietary intake and the incidence and severity of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.711640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:32:40Z","timestamp":1641342760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Evidence-Based Challenges to the Continued Recommendation and Use of Peroxidatively-Susceptible Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Culinary Oils for High-Temperature Frying Practises: Experimental Revelations Focused on Toxic Aldehydic Lipid Oxidation Products"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Grootveld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"4Washington, DCNational Academies Press (US)Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace1988"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.738716","article-title":"Dietary patterns and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in 52 countries: results of the interheart study","volume":"118","author":"Iqbal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22643","article-title":"Consumption of deep-fried foods and risk of prostate cancer","volume":"73","author":"Stott-Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostate."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2006.00009.x","article-title":"Mechanisms and factors for edible oil oxidation","volume":"5","author":"Choe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comprehen Rev Food Sci Food Safety."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769509147552","article-title":"Detection of aldehydes and their conjugated hydroperoxydiene precursors in thermally-stressed culinary oils and fats: investigations using high resolution proton NMR spectroscopy","volume":"22","author":"Haywood","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Rad Res."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Detection, monitoring and deleterious health effects of lipid oxidation products generated in culinary oils during thermal stressing episodes61424\n            GrootveldM\n            Ruiz-RodadoV\n            SilwoodCJL\n          Inform Am Oil Chem Soc.252014"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7827(83)90002-4","article-title":"Volatile lipid oxidation-products","volume":"22","author":"Frankel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Lipid Oxidation. Dundee","author":"Frankel","year":"1998"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"67","article-title":"Fatty acid composition: a useful tool for the determination of alteration level in heated fats","volume":"35","author":"Dobarganes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Franc Corps Gras."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)01147-8","article-title":"Generation of lipid peroxidation products in culinary oils and fats during episodes of thermal stressing: a high field 1H NMR study","volume":"355","author":"Claxson","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7790","DOI":"10.1021\/jf900510k","article-title":"Contribution to further understanding of the evolution of sunflower oil submitted to frying temperature in a domestic fryer: study by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance","volume":"57","author":"Guill\u00e9n","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1314","article-title":"In vivo absorption, metabolism, and urinary excretion of \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehydes in experimental animals. Relevance to the development of cardiovascular diseases by the dietary ingestion of thermally-stressed polyunsaturate-rich culinary oils","volume":"101","author":"Grootveld","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33460-X","article-title":"Dietary oxidized fatty acids: an atherogenic risk?","volume":"41","author":"Penumetcha","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.16.4.533","article-title":"Oxidized lipids in the diet accelerate the development of fatty streaks in cholesterol-fed rabbits","volume":"16","author":"Stapr\u00e3ns","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"161","article-title":"Toxicity Carcinogenicity of Aldehydes","volume-title":"Oxidation: The Cornerstone of Carcinogenesis. Oxidation Tobacco Smoke Carcinogenesis. A Relationship Between Cause Effect","author":"Stavridis","year":"2007"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/em.10190","article-title":"Structure\u2013activity relationships for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of simple and \u03b1-\u03b2 unsaturated aldehydes","volume":"42","author":"Benigni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05175.x","article-title":"Trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal is a neurotoxic product of docosahexaenoic (22:6; n-3) acid oxidation","volume":"105","author":"Long","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4506.2001.tb00028.x","article-title":"Health effects of oxidised heated oils","volume":"13","author":"Grootveld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Foodserv Res Int."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(80)90256-7","article-title":"Foot-edema induced by carbonyl compounds originating from the peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids","volume":"29","author":"Benedetti","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1080\/1071576021000006716","article-title":"Teratogenic actions of thermally-stressed culinary oils in rats","volume":"36","author":"Indart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic Res."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"149","article-title":"A molecular basis of peptic ulceration due to diet","volume":"67","author":"Jayaraj","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Exp Path."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.05.052","article-title":"Epoxy and hydroxy fatty acids as non-volatile lipid oxidation products in oat","volume":"295","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.25.4.4104","article-title":"Leukotoxin-diol: a putative toxic mediator involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Zheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201500235","article-title":"Epoxy fatty acids in used frying fats and oils, edible oils and chocolate and their formation in oils during heating","volume":"118","author":"Br\u00fchl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Lipid Sci Technol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12276","article-title":"Techniques for the analysis of minor lipid oxidation products derived from triacylglycerols: epoxides, alcohols, and ketones","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4438","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030753f","article-title":"Formation and evolution of monoepoxy fatty acids in thermoxidized olive and sunflower oils and quantitation in used frying oils from restaurants and fried-food outlets","volume":"52","author":"Velasco","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2017.1310399","article-title":"Exposure assessment of epoxy fatty acids through consumption of specific foods available in Belgium","volume":"34","author":"Mubiru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.02.005","article-title":"Assessment of epoxidized soy bean oil (ESBO) migrating into foods: Comparison with ESBO-like epoxy fatty acids in our normal diet","volume":"44","author":"Fankhauser-Noti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1021\/tx990162c","article-title":"Toxicity of epoxy fatty acids and related compounds to cells expressing human soluble epoxide hydrolase","volume":"13","author":"Greene","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2002.00951.x","article-title":"Dietary epoxy fatty acids are absorbed in healthy women","volume":"32","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"183","article-title":"Co-oxidations of oxidizing lipids: Reactions with proteins","volume-title":"Lipid Oxidation Pathways Vol. 2","author":"Schaich","year":"2008"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60161a012","article-title":"Thermal degradation of lipids. A review","volume":"17","author":"Nawar","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.09.012","article-title":"Is oil temperature a key factor influencing air pollutant emissions from Chinese cooking?","volume":"193","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos Environ."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2351-9_7","article-title":"Deep Fat frying","volume-title":"Chapter 7. Food oils and Fats","author":"Lawson","year":"1995"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"179","article-title":"Oil Absorption in fried food","volume-title":"Deep- Fat Frying; Fundamental and Applications","author":"Moreira","year":"1999"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02912571","article-title":"Effects of thermally oxidized triglycerides on the oxidative stability of soyabean oil","volume":"65","author":"Yoon","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Oil Chem Soc."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2621.1996.00338.x","article-title":"Total frying use time effects on soybean oil deterioration and on tortilla chip quality","volume":"31","author":"Tseng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intl J Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"205","author":"Casimir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Lipids Chemistry, Nutrition and Biotechnology, 4rth Edn"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-011-2002-x","volume":"89","author":"Mert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Oil Chem Soc."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50472a025","volume":"41","author":"Lascaray","year":"1949","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2004.tb13652.x","article-title":"Oxidative stability of soyabean and sesame oil mixture, beef, tallow and palm oil during frying of steamed noodles","volume":"30","author":"Chung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Korean J Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Effects of oil replenishment during deep- fat turnover of fresh oil","volume":"70","author":"Romero","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Oil Chem Soc"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-2244(91)90659-7","article-title":"A new look at the chemistry and physics of deep-fat frying","volume":"45","author":"Blumenthal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Food Technol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1314","article-title":"The effects of process time tempersture on the accumulation of polar compounds in cottonseed oil during deep-fat frying","volume":"83","author":"Dimitra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052351","article-title":"Commentary: Iconoclastic reflections on the \u2018safety' of polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich culinary frying oils: some cautions regarding the laboratory analysis and dietary ingestion of lipid oxidation product toxins","volume":"11","author":"Grootveld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"614","article-title":"Detection, monitoring and deleterious health effects of lipid oxidation products generated in culinary oils during thermal stressing episodes","volume":"25","author":"Grootveld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inform AOCS."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39767-1","article-title":"Toxic aldehyde generation in and food uptake from COs during frying practices: peroxidative resistance of a monounsaturate-rich algae oil","volume":"9","author":"Moumtaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102481","article-title":"Comparative 1H NMR-based chemometric evaluations of the time-dependent generation of aldehydic lipid oxidation products in culinary oils exposed to laboratory-simulated shallow frying episodes: differential patterns observed for omega-3 fatty acid-containing soybean oils","volume":"10","author":"Wann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.09.079","article-title":"Aldehydes contained in edible oils of a very diferent nature afer prolonged heating at frying temperature: presence of toxic oxygenated \u03b1,\u03b2 unsaturated aldehydes","volume":"131","author":"Guill\u00e9n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12090","article-title":"A review of thermo-oxidative degradation of food lipids studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy: influence of degradative conditions and food lipid nature","volume":"13","author":"Martinez-Yusta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aoas.2014.11.006","article-title":"1H NMR spectral analysis as a new aspect to evaluate the stability of some edible oils","volume":"59","author":"Almoselhy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Agric Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(91)90128-9","article-title":"Aldehydes: occurrence, carcinogenic potential, mechanism of action and risk assessment","volume":"259","author":"Feron","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mutat Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12057","article-title":"The nutritional value of potatoes and potato products in the UK diet","volume":"38","author":"Gibson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Bull."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8231","article-title":"Leukotoxin diols from ground corncob bedding disrupt estrus cyclicity in rats and stimulate MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation","volume":"113","author":"Markaverich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B55","article-title":"Collection. National Diet and Nutrition Survey","year":"","journal-title":"The National Diet and Nutrition Survey Assesses the Diet, Nutrient Intake and Nutritional Status of the General Population of the UK"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040974","article-title":"Potential adverse public health effects afforded by the ingestion of dietary lipid oxidation product toxins: Significance of fried food sources","volume":"12","author":"Grootveld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2018.04.01","article-title":"Chronic non-communicable disease risks presented by lipid oxidation products in fried foods","volume":"7","author":"Grootveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e363","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e363","article-title":"Consumption of fried foods and risk of coronary heart disease: Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition study","volume":"344","author":"Guallar-Castill\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B59","article-title":"Acrolein CAS No. 107-02-8, EINECS-No. 203-453-4, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemicals Bureau (existing substances), 1st Priority List","volume":"7","year":"2001"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2008.03.020","article-title":"Acrolein consumption exacerbates myocardial ischemic injury and blocks nitric oxide-induced PKCepsilon signaling and cardioprotection","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030753","article-title":"Evaluations of the peroxidative susceptibilities of cod liver oils by a 1H NMR analysis strategy: peroxidative resistivity of a natural collagenous and biogenic amine-rich fermented product","volume":"12","author":"Percival","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200500236","article-title":"Content of trans,trans-2,4-decadienal in deep-fried and pan-fried potatoes","volume":"108","author":"Boskou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Lipid Sci Technol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620952","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.620952","article-title":"\u201cReal-world\u201d evaluation of lipid oxidation products and trace metals in French fries from two chain fast-food restaurants","volume":"8","author":"Le Gresley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4020(76)87015-9","article-title":"The reaction of cysteine with \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehydes","volume":"32","author":"Esterbauer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tetrahedron."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-015-2699-z","article-title":"4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), a toxic aldehyde in french fries from fast food restaurants","volume":"92","author":"Csallany","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Oil Chem Soc."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b01127","article-title":"Kinetics of forming aldehydes in frying oils and their distribution in French fries revealed by LC\u2013MS-based chemometrics","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1021\/tx5001046","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of aldehyde toxicity: a chemical perspective","volume":"27","author":"LoPachin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2018.1555587","article-title":"Aldehyde toxicity and metabolism: the role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in detoxification, drug resistance and carcinogenesis","volume":"51","author":"Ahmed Laskar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev."},{"key":"B69","article-title":"Edition 4\/2017 current as of 31 December 2017","year":""},{"key":"B70","unstructured":"World Health OrganisationIssued by the World Health Organization in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Food Safety Programme Department of Protection of the Human Environment"},{"key":"B71","unstructured":"Human Health Risk Assessment Toolkit: Chemical2010"},{"key":"B72","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, Toxicological Profile for Acrolein2007"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02516.x","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages: risk assessment outside ethanol metabolism","volume":"104","author":"Lachenmeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B74","unstructured":"WilliamsG\n          GenevaWorld Health OrganizationWHO Food Additives Series: 52. Aliphatic, alicyclic, linear alpha,beta-unstaurated di- and trienals and related alcohols, acids and esters. Prepared by the Sixty-first meeting of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)"},{"key":"B75","year":""},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199909000-00005","article-title":"Lung cancer and indoor air pollution arising from Chinese-style cooking among non-smoking women living in Shanghai, China","volume":"10","author":"Zhong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S104334","article-title":"Association between cooking oil fume exposure and lung cancer among Chinese nonsmoking women: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120023","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120023","article-title":"Elevated levels of mercapturic acids of acrolein and crotonaldehyde in the urine of Chinese women in Singapore who regularly cook at home","volume":"10","author":"Hecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B79","volume-title":"Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 226 Revision 1 (FGE.226 Rev1): consideration of genotoxicity data on -unsaturated aldehyde from chemical subgroup 1.1.1(b) of FGE.19 EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF).","author":"Silano","year":"2017"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2015.1081574","article-title":"Use of in vivo and in vitro data to derive a chronic reference value for crotonaldehyde based on relative potency to acrolein","volume":"18","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"209","article-title":"Thirteen week subchronic toxicity study of crotonaldehyde (CA) in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice","volume":"7","author":"Wolfe","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxicologist"},{"key":"B82","first-page":"8","article-title":"Optimizing the role of fats in diet formulation","author":"Wiseman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.06.005","article-title":"Oxidants and antioxidants in disease: oxidative stress in farm animals","volume":"173","author":"Lykkesfeldt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.02.026","article-title":"Progress in low-field benchtop NMR spectroscopy in chemical and biochemical analysis","volume":"1067","author":"Grootveld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-015-0005-4","article-title":"Evaluating the quality of feed fats and oils and their effects on pig growth performance","volume":"6","author":"Shurson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Animal Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B86","article-title":"Lipids","volume-title":"Food Chemistry","author":"Belitz","year":""},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0200036","article-title":"Free fatty acids and rancidity in relation to animal by-product protein concentrates","volume":"20","author":"Gray","year":"1941","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B88","first-page":"95","article-title":"Fat in swine nutrition","volume-title":"Swine Nutrition","author":"Azain","year":"2001"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.82102937x","article-title":"Effects of rancidity and free fatty acids in choice white grease on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs","volume":"82","author":"DeRouchey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5709","article-title":"Influence of thermally-oxidized vegetable oils and animal fats on growth performance, liver gene expression, and liver and serum cholesterol and triglycerides in young pigs","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00451-4","article-title":"Identification of C9-C11 unsaturated aldehydes as prediction markers of growth and feed intake for non-ruminant animals fed oxidized soybean oil","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125864","article-title":"Production performance, egg quality, blood biochemical constituents, egg yolk lipid profile and lipid peroxidation of laying hens fed sugar beet pulp","volume":"310","author":"Selim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(99)00014-9","article-title":"Dietary fat and carcinogenesis","volume":"443","author":"Woutersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat Res."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.08.019","article-title":"Genotoxicity and oxidative stress of the mutagenic compounds formed in fumes of heated soybean oil, sunflower oil and lard","volume":"20","author":"Dung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041174","article-title":"Thermally oxidized sunflower-seed oil increases liver and serum peroxidation and modifies lipoprotein composition in rats","volume":"92","author":"Garrido-Polonio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(91)90127-S","article-title":"Biological effects of short-term feeding to rats of repeatedly used deep-frying fats in relation to fat mutagen content","volume":"29","author":"Hageman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.110063","article-title":"Kinetic modeling of malondialdehyde reactivity in oil to simulate actual malondialdehyde formation upon lipid oxidation","volume":"140","author":"Vandemoortele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res Int."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/15376510701555288","article-title":"The effects of inhaled formaldehyde on oxidant and antioxidant systems of rat cerebellum during the postnatal development process","volume":"18","author":"Songur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5455\/bcp.19691231040000","article-title":"Reactive aldehydes and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"21","author":"Matveychuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull Clin Psychopharm."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220399110","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition as a pathogenic mechanism in Parkinson Disease","volume":"110","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02720.x","article-title":"Involvement of cytochrome P450 2E1 in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"91","author":"Vaglini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4137\/NMI.S29531","article-title":"The pivotal role of aldehyde toxicity in autism spectrum disorder: the therapeutic potential of micronutrient supplementation","volume":"8","author":"Jurnak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Insights."},{"key":"B103","article-title":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) final report: Inhalation of aldehydes and effects of breathing","author":"Leikauf","year":""},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2016.08.003","article-title":"Evaluation of the deleterious health effects of consumption of repeatedly heated vegetable oil","volume":"3","author":"Venkata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep."},{"key":"B105","first-page":"335","article-title":"Arterial pressure and lipid profile in rats following chronic ingestion of palm oil diets","volume":"25","author":"Osim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Afr J Med Sci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2008.04.009","article-title":"Heated palm oil causes rise in blood pressure and cardiac changes in heart muscle in experimental rats","volume":"39","author":"Leong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Med Med Res."},{"key":"B107","first-page":"83","article-title":"Altered responses of isolated aortic smooth muscle following chronic ingestion of palm oil diets in rats","volume":"26","author":"Owu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Afr J Med Med Sci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjbas.2015.05.009","article-title":"Consumption of thermally oxidized palm oil diets alters biochemical indices in rats","volume":"4","author":"Falade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"B109","author":"Gomes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 43 ACROLEIN"},{"key":"B110","article-title":"The Office of Chemical Safety, Department of Health, MDP 71, GPO Box 9848, CANBERRA ACT2601","year":"2016"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59453-2.00014-7","article-title":"Chapter 14\u2013Essential Metals: Assessing Risks from Deficiency and Toxicity","volume-title":"Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Fourth Edition)","author":"Aggett","year":"2015"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/19.2.228","article-title":"Reproductive study of acrolein on two generations of rats","volume":"19","author":"Parent","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-46","article-title":"Should oral gavage be abandoned in toxicity testing of endocrine disruptors?","volume":"13","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201000020","article-title":"Mechanistic study of the reaction of thiol-containing enzymes with alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl substrates by computation and chemoassays","volume":"5","author":"Paasche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem Med Chem."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)90126-0","article-title":"Comparison of the toxicity of cinnamaldehyde when administered by microencapsulation in feed or by corn oil gavage","volume":"32","author":"H\u00e9bert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"B116","first-page":"50","article-title":"Review of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach and development of new TTC decision tree","year":"2016","journal-title":"EFSA supporting publication."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.09.017","article-title":"A practical guidance for Cramer class determination","volume":"73","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.002","article-title":"Review article: genotoxicity of lipid oxidation compounds","volume":"111","author":"Eckl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28813-z","article-title":"DNA Methylome analysis of saturated aliphatic aldehydes in pulmonary toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B120","first-page":"559","article-title":"Carcinogenic potential of trans-2-hexenal is based on epigenetic effect","volume":"19","author":"Nadasi","year":"2005","journal-title":"In Vivo."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1091-8","article-title":"A physiologically based in silico model for trans-2-hexenal detoxification and DNA adduct formation in human including interindividual variation indicates efficient detoxification and a negligible genotoxicity risk","volume":"87","author":"Kiwamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol."},{"key":"B122","unstructured":"Washington, DCIntegrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Acrolein. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development2003"},{"key":"B123","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Induction of liver tumors in F344 rats by crotonaldehyde","volume":"46","author":"Chung","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B124","first-page":"883","article-title":"Cancer risk assessment for the environmental mutagen and carcinogen crotonaldehyde on the basis of TD50 and comparison with 1,N2-propanodeoxyguanosine adduct levels","volume":"10","author":"Eder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B125","first-page":"219","article-title":"Cancer risk assessment for crotonaldehyde and 2-hexenal: an approach","volume":"150","author":"Eder","year":"1999","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404387","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of DNA binding data for risk estimation and for classification of direct binding carcinogens","volume":"112","author":"Lutz","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02546.x","article-title":"Commentary: acetaldehyde a cumulative carcinogen in humans","volume":"104","author":"Salaspuro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2011.00480.x","article-title":"Acetaldehyde and gastric cancer","volume":"12","author":"Salaspuro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Digest Dis."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-009-0154-1","article-title":"Acetaldehyde as an underestimated risk factor for cancer development: role of genetics in ethanol metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Seitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(88)90013-9","article-title":"Mutagenicity assessment of acetaldehyde","volume":"195","author":"Dellarco","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mutat Res."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki661","article-title":"Polyamines stimulate the formation of mutagenic 1,N2-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts from acetaldehyde","volume":"33","author":"Theruvathu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Res."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu233","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of acrolein toxicity: relevance to human disease","volume":"143","author":"Moghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700412","article-title":"Acrolein: sources, metabolism, and biomolecular interactions relevant to human health and disease","volume":"52","author":"Stevens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(93)90048-3","article-title":"The possible role of alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis","volume":"67","author":"Eder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett."},{"key":"B135","unstructured":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 88 (2006): Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol2004"},{"key":"B136","unstructured":"Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition2011"},{"key":"B137","first-page":"5","article-title":"Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Malonaldehyde, Sodium Salt","volume":"331","year":"1988","journal-title":"Technical Report"},{"key":"B138","first-page":"2848","article-title":"Molecular requirements for the mutagenicity of malondialdehyde and related acroleins","volume":"44","author":"Basu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B139","volume-title":"The Role of Cyclic Nucleic Acid Adducts in Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis","author":"Singer","year":"1986"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/11.3.497","article-title":"Acrolein mutagenicity in the V79 assay","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(85)90204-0","article-title":"Naturally occurring carbonyl compounds are mutagens in Salmonella tester strain TA 104","volume":"748","author":"Marne","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mutat Res."},{"key":"B142","first-page":"3577","article-title":"Acrolein initiates rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis","volume":"52","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.010","article-title":"A Class of environmental and endogenous toxins induces BRCA2 haploinsufficiency and genome instability","volume":"169","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.08.020","article-title":"Endogenous formaldehyde is a hematopoietic stem cell genotoxin and metabolic carcinogen","volume":"60","author":"Pontel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molec Cell."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11179","DOI":"10.1021\/jf102651n","article-title":"Shukla Genotoxic and carcinogenic risks associated with the consumption of repeatedly boiled sunflower oil","volume":"58","author":"Srivastava","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6152","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804869115","article-title":"Aldehydes are the predominant forces inducing DNA damage and inhibiting DNA repair in tobacco smoke carcinogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Weng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B147","author":"van Andel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adverse Health Effects of Cigarette Smoke: Aldehydes Crotonaldehyde, Butyraldehyde, Hexanal, And Malonaldehyde"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30727-0","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and arecoline","volume":"22","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B149","unstructured":"Toxicological Profile for Acrolein2007"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9164(00)90012-5","article-title":"Unsaturated aldehydes including 4-OH-nonenal are elevated in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Mak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Card Fail."},{"key":"B151","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carcinogenic Potency Project"},{"key":"B152","author":"Irwin","year":"1990","journal-title":"NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of furfural (CAS NO. 98-01-1) in F344\/N RATS B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies) (Report)"},{"key":"B153","first-page":"461","article-title":"Distribution of acetaldehyde in human blood: effects of ethanol and treatment with disulfiram","volume":"28","author":"Helander","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcoholism."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S208633","article-title":"The relationship between acrolein and oxidative stress in COPD: in systemic plasma and in local lung tissue","volume":"14","author":"Yasuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100279","article-title":"Acrolein-A pulmonary hazard","volume":"55","author":"Bein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molec Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12362","article-title":"Adverse effects of acrolein, a ubiquitous environmental toxicant, on muscle regeneration and mass","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia, Sarcopenia Musc."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8424","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7105404","article-title":"Fried food consumption and cardiovascular health: A review of current evidence","volume":"7","author":"Gadiraju","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2015.1056111","article-title":"Fried food and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Lippi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Internat J Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2050","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00120.2011","article-title":"Chronic oral exposure to the aldehyde pollutant acrolein induces dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"301","author":"Ismahil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart and Circulat Physiol"},{"key":"B160","unstructured":"GenevaParaquat Health And Safety Guide United Nations Environment Programme International Labour Organisation World Health Organization World Health Organization.1991"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.711640\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:33:11Z","timestamp":1641342791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.711640\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"references-count":160,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2021.711640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.711640","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"article-number":"711640"}}