{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:08:29Z","timestamp":1791565709030,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    An increased intestinal permeability has been described in various gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal disorders. Nevertheless, the concept and definition of intestinal permeability is relatively broad and includes not only an altered paracellular route, regulated by tight junction proteins, but also the transcellular route involving membrane transporters and channels, and endocytic mechanisms. Paracellular intestinal permeability can be assessed\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    by using different molecules (e.g., sugars, polyethylene glycols,\n                    <jats:sup>51<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cr-EDTA) and\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Ussing chambers combining electrophysiology and probes of different molecular sizes. The latter is still the gold standard technique for assessing the epithelial barrier function, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    techniques, including putative blood biomarkers such as intestinal fatty acid-binding protein and zonulin, are broadly used despite limitations. In the second part of the review, the current evidence of the role of impaired barrier function in the pathophysiology of selected gastrointestinal and liver diseases is discussed. Celiac disease is one of the conditions with the best evidence for impaired barrier function playing a crucial role with zonulin as its proposed regulator. Increased permeability is clearly present in inflammatory bowel disease, but the question of whether this is a primary event or a consequence of inflammation remains unsolved. The gut-liver axis with a crucial role in impaired intestinal barrier function is increasingly recognized in chronic alcoholic and metabolic liver disease. Finally, the current evidence does not support an important role for increased permeability in bile acid diarrhea.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.717925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T05:27:37Z","timestamp":1629955657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":219,"title":["The Role of Intestinal Permeability in Gastrointestinal Disorders and Current Methods of Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Vanuytsel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Tack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricard","family":"Farre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2016_107","article-title":"Abnormal barrier function in gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"239","author":"Farre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.117549","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) regulates macromolecular permeability via mast cells in normal human colonic biopsies in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Wallon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.23.2.403-411.1979","article-title":"Translocation of certain indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs in a gnotobiotic mouse model","volume":"23","author":"Berg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.038","article-title":"Activated intestinal macrophages in patients with cirrhosis release NO and IL-6 that may disrupt intestinal barrier function","volume":"58","author":"Du Plessis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20019","article-title":"Serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in endotoxemic patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Pastor Rojo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12670","article-title":"Increased serum levels of lipopolysaccharide and antiflagellin antibodies in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Dlugosz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.17.2.375","article-title":"Junctional complexes in various epithelia","volume":"17","author":"Farquhar","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-001-0103-4","article-title":"Hans Ussing, experiments and models","volume":"184","author":"Lindemann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Membr Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.58.2.390","article-title":"Fracture faces of zonulae occludentes from \u201ctight\u201d and \u201cleaky\u201d epithelia","volume":"58","author":"Claude","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665111000103","article-title":"Glucose sensing and signalling; regulation of intestinal glucose transport","volume":"70","author":"Shirazi-Beechey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1378","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1997.273.4.C1378","article-title":"Physiological regulation of epithelial tight junctions is associated with myosin light-chain phosphorylation","volume":"273","author":"Turner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.018713","article-title":"Water pumps","volume":"542","author":"Loo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.07.001","article-title":"Intestinal permeability defects: is it time to treat?","volume":"11","author":"Odenwald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2013.08.005","article-title":"Chloride channel-targeted therapy for secretory diarrheas","volume":"13","author":"Thiagarajah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2012","article-title":"Gastric acid, calcium absorption, and their impact on bone health","volume":"93","author":"Kopic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00099","article-title":"The involvement of TRP channels in bone homeostasis","volume":"3","author":"Lieben","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-09-0973","article-title":"Tight junction proteins claudin-2 and\u221212 are critical for vitamin D-dependent Ca2+ absorption between enterocytes","volume":"19","author":"Fujita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02630","article-title":"Interferon-gamma selectively increases epithelial permeability to large molecules by activating different populations of paracellular pores","volume":"118","author":"Watson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cell Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1070","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00079.2020","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharides transport during fat absorption in rodent small intestine","volume":"318","author":"Akiba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05777-2","article-title":"The \u201cleaky gut\u201d: tight junctions but loose associations?","volume":"65","author":"Hollander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318427","article-title":"Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans","volume":"68","author":"Camilleri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.04.010","article-title":"Bacterial entry into cells: a role for the endocytic machinery","volume":"580","author":"Bonazzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2006.08.005","article-title":"The role of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in bacterial internalization","volume":"16","author":"Veiga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa165","article-title":"Gut microbial transcytosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-like 1A-dependent activation of a myosin light chain kinase splice variant contributes to IBD","volume":"15","author":"Pai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.05.003","article-title":"Commensal bacterial endocytosis in epithelial cells is dependent on myosin light chain kinase-activated brush border fanning by interferon-gamma","volume":"184","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425910372434","article-title":"Morphology, size distribution, and aggregate structure of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A dispersions from enterobacterial origin","volume":"17","author":"Richter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1951.tb00800.x","article-title":"Active transport of sodium as the source of electric current in the short-circuited isolated frog skin","volume":"23","author":"Ussing","year":"1951","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2009.08.003","article-title":"Two-path impedance spectroscopy for measuring paracellular and transcellular epithelial resistance","volume":"97","author":"Krug","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biophys J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303857","article-title":"Impaired duodenal mucosal integrity and low-grade inflammation in functional dyspepsia","volume":"63","author":"Vanheel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2337","article-title":"Increased uptake of non-pathogenic E. coli via the follicle-associated epithelium in longstanding ileal Crohn's disease","volume":"215","author":"Keita","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700397","article-title":"Characterization of antigen and bacterial transport in the follicle-associated epithelium of human ileum","volume":"86","author":"Keita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab Invest."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90708-4","article-title":"Intestinal permeability: an overview","volume":"108","author":"Bjarnason","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G919","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00168.2011","article-title":"Urine sugars for in vivo gut permeability: validation and comparisons in irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea and controls","volume":"301","author":"Rao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70636-5","article-title":"Discrimination of site-specific alterations in gastrointestinal permeability in the rat","volume":"114","author":"Meddings","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.5.650","article-title":"Acute gastrointestinal permeability responses to different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"49","author":"Smecuol","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"83","article-title":"Validation of a GC-MS and HPLC-ELSD method to study intestinal permeability","volume":"8","author":"Houben","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Chromatogr."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12802","article-title":"(13) C mannitol as a novel biomarker for measurement of intestinal permeability","volume":"28","author":"Grover","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.020","article-title":"Development and validation of test for \u201cleaky gut\u201d small intestinal and colonic permeability using sugars in healthy adults","volume":"161","author":"Khoshbin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1982.tb02230.x","article-title":"Evaluation of mannitol for use as a probe marker of gastrointestinal permeability in man","volume":"12","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.049","article-title":"A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function","volume":"144","author":"Vazquez-Roque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305690","article-title":"Psychological stress and corticotropin-releasing hormone increase intestinal permeability in humans by a mast cell-dependent mechanism","volume":"63","author":"Vanuytsel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90440-9","article-title":"Differential in vivo and in vitro intestinal permeability to lactulose and mannitol in animals and humans: a hypothesis","volume":"108","author":"Bijlsma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz021","article-title":"Confocal laser endomicroscopy in the evaluation of inflammatory Bowel disease","volume":"25","author":"Buchner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.08.045","article-title":"The learning curve, interobserver, and intraobserver agreement of endoscopic confocal laser endomicroscopy in the assessment of mucosal barrier defects","volume":"83","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.056","article-title":"Impaired intestinal permeability contributes to ongoing bowel symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and mucosal healing","volume":"153","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.08.006","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of mucosal architecture using computer-based analysis of confocal laser endomicroscopy in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"89","author":"Queneherve","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.11.006","article-title":"Breaks in the wall: increased gaps in the intestinal epithelium of irritable bowel syndrome patients identified by confocal laser endomicroscopy (with videos)","volume":"77","author":"Turcotte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518820430","article-title":"Confocal laser endomicroscopy reveals alterations in duodenal permeability in patients with acute pancreatitis","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Med Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.07.046","article-title":"Confocal endomicroscopy shows food-associated changes in the intestinal mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Fritscher-Ravens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.046","article-title":"Many patients with irritable bowel syndrome have atypical food allergies not associated with immunoglobulin E","volume":"157","author":"Fritscher-Ravens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-06980-w.","article-title":"Correlation of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) and mucosal integrity testing (MIT) with epithelial barrier function and presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)","author":"Mutha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.233049","article-title":"Evaluation of oesophageal mucosa integrity by the intraluminal impedance technique","volume":"60","author":"Farre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.06.026","article-title":"Analyses of the post-reflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave index and nocturnal baseline impedance parameters increase the diagnostic yield of impedance-pH monitoring of patients with reflux disease","volume":"14","author":"Frazzoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12468","article-title":"The effect of endoscopic fundoplication and proton pump inhibitors on baseline impedance and heartburn severity in GERD patients","volume":"27","author":"Rinsma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-019-01614-5","article-title":"Patients with dyspepsia have impaired mucosal integrity both in the duodenum and jejunum: in vivo assessment of small bowel mucosal integrity using baseline impedance","volume":"55","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.513","article-title":"Mucosal impedance: a new way to diagnose reflux disease and how it could change your practice","volume":"112","author":"Vaezi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.253","article-title":"Development and validation of a mucosal impedance contour analysis system to distinguish esophageal disorders","volume":"156","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2001.00792.x","article-title":"Effect of ischemia on intestinal permeability of lipopolysaccharides","volume":"31","author":"Drewe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2402637","article-title":"Structure and function of lipopolysaccharide binding protein","volume":"249","author":"Schumann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G11","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00113.2021","article-title":"Biomarkers for assessment of intestinal permeability in clinical practice","volume":"321","author":"Seethaler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183282","article-title":"Markers of intestinal permeability are already altered in early stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: studies in children","volume":"12","author":"Nier","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G171","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00048.2015","article-title":"Homeostasis of the gut barrier and potential biomarkers","volume":"312","author":"Wells","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8566578","article-title":"Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein is a useful diagnostic marker for mesenteric infarction in humans","volume":"110","author":"Kanda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2019.191139","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of intestinal fatty acid binding protein for acute intestinal ischemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Lab."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12194","article-title":"Serum I-FABP as marker for enterocyte damage in coeliac disease and its relation to villous atrophy and circulating autoantibodies","volume":"37","author":"Adriaanse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.11.037","article-title":"Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein levels in Necrotizing Enterocolitis correlate with extent of necrotic bowel: results from a multicenter study","volume":"50","author":"Heida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2020.1801754","article-title":"Serum zonulin and claudin-5 levels in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"25","author":"Aydogan Avsar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31819f5652","article-title":"Urine-based detection of intestinal tight junction loss","volume":"44","author":"Thuijls","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.24.4435","article-title":"Human zonulin, a potential modulator of intestinal tight junctions","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cell Sci 113 Pt."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16799","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906773106","article-title":"Identification of human zonulin, a physiological modulator of tight junctions, as prehaptoglobin-2","volume":"106","author":"Tripathi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.2.218","article-title":"Early effects of gliadin on enterocyte intracellular signalling involved in intestinal barrier function","volume":"52","author":"Clemente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1000","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20510.1","article-title":"All disease begins in the (leaky) gut: role of zonulin-mediated gut permeability in the pathogenesis of some chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"9","author":"Fasano","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00022","article-title":"Widely used commercial ELISA does not detect precursor of haptoglobin2, but recognizes properdin as a potential second member of the Zonulin Family","volume":"9","author":"Scheffler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210728","article-title":"Serum zonulin as a marker of intestinal mucosal barrier function: may not be what it seems","volume":"14","author":"Ajamian","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2021.1879247","article-title":"Colonic paracellular permeability and circulating zonulin-related proteins","volume":"56","author":"Meira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113994","article-title":"Clinical practice. Celiac disease","volume":"367","author":"Fasano","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6144.1060","article-title":"Intestinal permeability assessed by excretion ratios of two molecules: results in coeliac disease","volume":"2","author":"Cobden","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)92507-8","article-title":"Abnormal intestinal permeability to sugars in villous atrophy","volume":"2","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70123-9","article-title":"Gastrointestinal permeability in celiac disease","volume":"112","author":"Smecuol","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91628-8","article-title":"A persistent defect in intestinal permeability in coeliac disease demonstrated by a 51Cr-labelled EDTA absorption test","volume":"1","author":"Bjarnason","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.6.777","article-title":"Epithelial barrier and ion transport in coeliac sprue: electrical measurements on intestinal aspiration biopsy specimens","volume":"37","author":"Schulzke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300123","article-title":"Cell polarity-determining proteins Par-3 and PP-1 are involved in epithelial tight junction defects in coeliac disease","volume":"61","author":"Schumann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199804000-00001","article-title":"Epithelial tight junction structure in the jejunum of children with acute and treated celiac sprue","volume":"43","author":"Schulzke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1309\/DTYRA91G8R0KTM8M","article-title":"Altered expression, localization, and phosphorylation of epithelial junctional proteins in celiac disease","volume":"125","author":"Ciccocioppo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.23.3.202","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in coeliac disease: the response to gluten withdrawal and single-dose gluten challenge","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.3.354","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in patients with coeliac disease and relatives of patients with coeliac disease","volume":"34","author":"van Elburg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2016.12.006","article-title":"Celiac disease: role of the epithelial barrier","volume":"3","author":"Schumann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.05.051","article-title":"Interactions among secretory immunoglobulin A, CD71, and transglutaminase-2 affect permeability of intestinal epithelial cells to gliadin peptides","volume":"143","author":"Lebreton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02169-3","article-title":"Zonulin, a newly discovered modulator of intestinal permeability, and its expression in coeliac disease","volume":"355","author":"Fasano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520500235334","article-title":"Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines","volume":"41","author":"Drago","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.023","article-title":"Gliadin induces an increase in intestinal permeability and zonulin release by binding to the chemokine receptor CXCR3","volume":"135","author":"Lammers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19160","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009674200","article-title":"Zonula occludens toxin structure-function analysis. Identification of the fragment biologically active on tight junctions and of the zonulin receptor binding domain","volume":"276","author":"Di Pierro","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1999.0312","article-title":"Expression of Vibrio cholerae zonula occludens toxin and analysis of its subcellular localization","volume":"27","author":"Uzzau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500178102","article-title":"Role of the intestinal tight junction modulator zonulin in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes in BB diabetic-prone rats","volume":"102","author":"Watts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.150888","article-title":"Reducing small intestinal permeability attenuates colitis in the IL10 gene-deficient mouse","volume":"58","author":"Arrieta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03413.x","article-title":"The safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of single doses of AT-1001 in coeliac disease subjects: a proof of concept study","volume":"26","author":"Paterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.211","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind study of larazotide acetate to prevent the activation of celiac disease during gluten challenge","volume":"107","author":"Leffler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12147","article-title":"Larazotide acetate in patients with coeliac disease undergoing a gluten challenge: a randomised placebo-controlled study","volume":"37","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.02.008","article-title":"Larazotide acetate for persistent symptoms of celiac disease despite a gluten-free diet: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"148","author":"Leffler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12751","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: where are we?","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3109\/00365526809179908","article-title":"Plasma radioactivity after rectal instillation of radioiodine-labelled human albumin in normal subjects and in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"3","author":"Dalmark","year":"1968","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.6.512","article-title":"Intestinal permeability and screening tests for coeliac disease","volume":"21","author":"Cobden","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90317-7","article-title":"Absorption of 51chromium-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetate in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"85","author":"Bjarnason","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B104","first-page":"767","article-title":"Intestinal permeability to 99mTc-diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"81","author":"Casellas","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B105","first-page":"151","article-title":"Small bowel and colonic permeability to 51Cr-EDTA in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Jenkins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Invest Med."},{"key":"B106","first-page":"1445","article-title":"Comparison of different measurements of intestinal permeability in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"86","author":"Howden","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-6-883","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their relatives. A possible etiologic factor","volume":"105","author":"Hollander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296426","article-title":"PEG-400 excretion in patients with Crohn's disease, their first-degree relatives, healthy volunteers","volume":"37","author":"Ruttenberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.3.320","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their first degree relatives","volume":"33","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.1.68","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and their first degree relatives","volume":"35","author":"Munkholm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90638-S","article-title":"Is small intestinal permeability really increased in relatives of patients with Crohn's disease?","volume":"104","author":"May","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91499-6","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their healthy relatives","volume":"97","author":"Katz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.9.1073","article-title":"Improvement of abnormal lactulose\/rhamnose permeability in active Crohn's disease of the small bowel by an elemental diet","volume":"28","author":"Sanderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05914.x","article-title":"Anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment restores the gut barrier in Crohn's disease","volume":"97","author":"Suenaert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90882-H","article-title":"Intestinal permeability and the prediction of relapse in Crohn's disease","volume":"341","author":"Wyatt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70126-5","article-title":"Altered tight junction structure contributes to the impaired epithelial barrier function in ulcerative colitis","volume":"116","author":"Schmitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz328","article-title":"Increased colonic epithelial permeability and mucosal eosinophilia in ulcerative colitis in remission compared with irritable Bowel syndrome and health","volume":"26","author":"Katinios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.094375","article-title":"Changes in expression and distribution of claudin 2, 5 and 8 lead to discontinuous tight junctions and barrier dysfunction in active Crohn's disease","volume":"56","author":"Zeissig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70551-2","article-title":"Epithelial permeability to proteins in the noninflamed ileum of Crohn's disease?","volume":"117","author":"Soderholm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.3.307","article-title":"Augmented increase in tight junction permeability by luminal stimuli in the non-inflamed ileum of Crohn's disease","volume":"50","author":"Soderholm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.041426","article-title":"Increased epithelial uptake of protein antigens in the ileum of Crohn's disease mediated by tumour necrosis factor alpha","volume":"53","author":"Soderholm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06502.x","article-title":"Barrier dysfunction and bacterial uptake in the follicle-associated epithelium of ileal Crohn's disease","volume":"1258","author":"Keita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2018.1458146","article-title":"Infliximab restores colonic barrier to adherent-invasive E. coli in Crohn's disease via effects on epithelial lipid rafts","volume":"53","author":"Yakymenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000616","article-title":"Plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein fails to predict endoscopic disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"28","author":"Bodelier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-3-263","article-title":"Presence of eubacteria in biopsies from Crohn's disease inflammatory lesions as determined by 16S rRNA gene-based PCR","volume":"48","author":"Tiveuung","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660179","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660179","article-title":"The role of the gut-liver axis in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Martin-Mateos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i39.5897","article-title":"Gut-liver axis signaling in portal hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Simbrunner","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.10.042","article-title":"Gut-liver axis in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"148","author":"Szabo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.077","article-title":"Contribution of the intestinal microbiome and gut barrier to hepatic disorders","volume":"159","author":"Chopyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G413","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00361.2016","article-title":"Gut-liver axis at the frontier of host-microbial interactions","volume":"312","author":"Brandl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21060","article-title":"The liver as an immunological organ","volume":"43","author":"Racanelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.200","article-title":"Immunology in the liver\u2013from homeostasis to disease","volume":"13","author":"Heymann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2018.03.015","article-title":"Relations of gut liver axis components and gut microbiota in obese children with fatty liver: a pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Pierri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050485","article-title":"Urinary metabolomics in pediatric obesity and NAFLD identifies metabolic pathways\/metabolites related to dietary habits and gut-liver axis perturbations","volume":"9","author":"Troisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12164","article-title":"Multiple gut-liver axis abnormalities in children with obesity with and without hepatic involvement","volume":"12","author":"Guercio Nuzio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.02.010","article-title":"Intestinal permeability is increased in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and correlates with liver disease severity","volume":"46","author":"Giorgio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-206782","article-title":"Altered gut-liver axis and hepatic adiponectin expression in OSAS: novel mediators of liver injury in paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver","volume":"70","author":"Nobili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2112-9","article-title":"Nutrition, intestinal permeability, and blood ethanol levels are altered in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"57","author":"Volynets","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01723.x","article-title":"Susceptibility to gut leakiness: a possible mechanism for endotoxaemia in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"28","author":"Farhadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.2.206","article-title":"The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal permeability, endotoxaemia, and tumour necrosis factor alpha in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Wigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22848","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"49","author":"Miele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.558","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in cirrhotic patients with and without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: is the ring closed?","volume":"105","author":"Scarpellini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i11.3275","article-title":"Dual-sugar tests of small intestinal permeability are poor predictors of bacterial infections and mortality in cirrhosis: a prospective study","volume":"22","author":"Vogt","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92109-3","article-title":"The leaky gut of alcoholism: possible route of entry for toxic compounds","volume":"1","author":"Bjarnason","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80242-1","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules and endotoxemia in patients with chronic alcohol abuse in different stages of alcohol-induced liver disease","volume":"32","author":"Parlesak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2010.05.004","article-title":"Effects of aspirin on gastroduodenal permeability in alcoholics and controls","volume":"44","author":"Farhadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.04.001","article-title":"Role of intestinal permeability and inflammation in the biological and behavioral control of alcohol-dependent subjects","volume":"26","author":"Leclercq","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782157","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1782157","article-title":"Intestinal permeability, microbial translocation, changes in duodenal and fecal microbiota, and their associations with alcoholic liver disease progression in humans","volume":"12","author":"Maccioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2011.02609.x","article-title":"Altered intestinal tight junctions' expression in patients with liver cirrhosis: a pathogenetic mechanism of intestinal hyperpermeability","volume":"42","author":"Assimakopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321663.","article-title":"Novel pathomechanism for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: disruption of cell junctions by cellular and bacterial proteases","author":"Haderer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23009","article-title":"Endotoxemia and gut barrier dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"50","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035008","article-title":"Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on tight junction integrity: in vitro study in a three dimensional intestinal epithelial cell culture model","volume":"7","author":"Elamin","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107421","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107421","article-title":"Ethanol impairs intestinal barrier function in humans through mitogen activated protein kinase signaling: a combined in vivo and in vitro approach","volume":"9","author":"Elamin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.00797.x","article-title":"Leaky gut in alcoholic cirrhosis: a possible mechanism for alcohol-induced liver damage","volume":"94","author":"Keshavarzian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.011","article-title":"Hepatic hemodynamic, non-selective betablocker therapy decreases intestinal permeability and serum levels of LBP and IL-6 in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Reiberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.234542","article-title":"Kupffer cells are activated in cirrhotic portal hypertension and not normalised by TIPS","volume":"60","author":"Holland-Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0269-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota and human NAFLD: disentangling microbial signatures from metabolic disorders","volume":"17","author":"Aron-Wisnewsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18754-5","article-title":"Distinct signatures of gut microbiome and metabolites associated with significant fibrosis in non-obese NAFLD","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.001","article-title":"Gut microbiome-based metagenomic signature for non-invasive detection of advanced fibrosis in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Loomba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell metabolism."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001541","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Wijarnpreecha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.054","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiome in cirrhosis as assessed by quantitative metagenomics: relationship with acute-on-chronic liver failure and prognosis","volume":"160","author":"Sole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00068","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000068","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the duodenal mucosal microbiota is associated with increased small intestinal permeability in chronic liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Raj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415174111","article-title":"Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity","volume":"111","author":"Leclercq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.11.004","article-title":"Bifidobacteria or fiber protects against diet-induced microbiota-mediated colonic mucus deterioration","volume":"23","author":"Schroeder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.25723","article-title":"Cirrhosis, bile acids and gut microbiota: unraveling a complex relationship","volume":"4","author":"Ridlon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000661","article-title":"Allogenic fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease improves abnormal small intestinal permeability: a randomized control trial","volume":"115","author":"Craven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl14397","article-title":"Bile acid diarrhea: prevalence, pathogenesis, and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Camilleri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Liver."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.04.024","article-title":"A new mechanism for bile acid diarrhea: defective feedback inhibition of bile acid biosynthesis","volume":"7","author":"Walters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01487.x","article-title":"Expression and function of the bile acid receptor GpBAR1 (TGR5) in the murine enteric nervous system","volume":"22","author":"Poole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil."},{"key":"B171","first-page":"39","article-title":"Is the irritable bowel really irritable?","volume":"23","author":"Coremans","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0087-8","article-title":"Impaired proximal colonic motor response to rectal mechanical and chemical stimulation in obstructed defecation","volume":"48","author":"Dinning","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.10.020","article-title":"Effects of chenodeoxycholate and a bile acid sequestrant, colesevelam, on intestinal transit and bowel function","volume":"8","author":"Odunsi-Shiyanbade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C447","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00416.2012","article-title":"Chenodeoxycholic acid stimulates Cl(-) secretion via cAMP signaling and increases cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator phosphorylation in T84 cells","volume":"305","author":"Ao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9090-8","article-title":"Taurodeoxycholate modulates apical Cl-\/OH- exchange activity in Caco2 cells","volume":"52","author":"Alrefai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25637","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025637","article-title":"The bile acid receptor GPBAR-1 (TGR5) modulates integrity of intestinal barrier and immune response to experimental colitis","volume":"6","author":"Cipriani","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B177","first-page":"661","article-title":"Effect of molecular structure on bile acid-induced alterations in absorptive function, permeability, and morphology in the perfused rabbit colon","volume":"94","author":"Chadwick","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.215","article-title":"Effect of increased bile acid synthesis or fecal excretion in irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea","volume":"109","author":"Camilleri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.02.027","article-title":"Effects of colesevelam on bowel symptoms, biomarkers, and colonic mucosal gene expression in patients with bile acid diarrhea in a randomized trial","volume":"18","author":"Vijayvargiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.717925\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T05:27:46Z","timestamp":1629955666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.717925\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"references-count":179,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2021.717925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.717925","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"article-number":"717925"}}