{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:03:19Z","timestamp":1788469399660,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the composition of the gut microbiome, the transcriptomic profiling of ileum, and their interplay in high fat diet (HFD) induced obese mice. Intragastric administration of EGCG to C57BL\/6J mice for 14 consecutive weeks remarkably decreased HFD induced excessive fat deposition (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001), and the increment of serum TG, TC, HDL-C (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05), as well as improved glucose tolerance (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001). EGCG shifted the gut microbiota mainly by elevating the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Parasutterrlla, Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.01), decreasing that of\n                    <jats:italic>norank_f_Erysipelotrichaceae, unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae, Anaerotruncus, Roseburia, norank_Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae_UCG_006<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.01) at the genus level. In addition, EGCG affected the transcriptomic profiling of ileum, and the differentially expressed (DE) genes after HFD or\/and EGCG treatment were mostly enriched in the immune reaction of ileum, such as the GO term of \u201cimmune effector process\u201d and \u201cphagocytosis, recognition.\u201d Furthermore, the KEGG category of \u201cimmune diseases,\u201d \u201cimmune system,\u201d and \u201cinfection diseases: bacterial\u201d were commonly enriched by the DE genes of the two treatments. Among those DE genes, 16 immunoglobulins heavy chain variable region encoded genes (\n                    <jats:italic>Ighvs<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and other immunity-related genes, such as complement component 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>C2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>Iftm1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (\n                    <jats:italic>pigR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and alanyl aminopeptidase (\n                    <jats:italic>Anpep<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), were highly correlated with the shifted microbes in the gut (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05, absolute\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;gt; 0.5). Overall, the results suggested that EGCG ameliorated the HFD induced metabolic disorder mainly by regulating gut microbiome profiling and the immunoglobulin production of ileum, while the genes expressed in the ileum, especially\n                    <jats:italic>Ighvs, C2, Iftm1, pigR<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Anpep<\/jats:italic>\n                    , might play important roles in coordinating the immunity of mice regarding the gut microbes and the host interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.720439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T02:42:47Z","timestamp":1632105767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Promotes the Immune Function of Ileum in High Fat Diet Fed Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiome Profiling and Immunoglobulin Production"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingjun","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingbin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.10.015","article-title":"Obesity: Current and potential pharmacotherapeutics and targets","volume":"170","author":"Narayanaswami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.07.020","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism","volume":"1851","author":"Spector","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. 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