{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:21:47Z","timestamp":1787026907783,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Saccharin sodium and rebaudioside A are extensively used as non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) in daily life. NNSs elicit a multitude of endocrine influences on animals, differing across species and chemically distinct sweeteners, whose exposure induce activation of sweet taste receptors in oral and extra-oral tissues with consequences of metabolic changes. To evaluate the influence of NNSs on histologic change and expression of sweet taste receptors in testis and epididymis of young male guinea pigs, thirty 4-week-old male guinea pigs with body weight 245.73 \u00b1 6.02 g were randomly divided into five groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6) and received normal water (control group) and equivalent sweetness low dose or high dose of sodium saccharin (L-SS, 1.5 mM or H-SS, 7.5 mM) or rebaudioside A (L-RA, 0.5 mM or H-RA, 2.5 mM) solution for 28 consecutive days. The results showed that the relative testis weight in male guinea pig with age of 56 days represented no significant difference among all groups; in spite of heavier body weight in L-SS and H-RA, NNS contributes no significant influence on serum testosterone and estradiol level. Low-dose 0.5 mM rebaudioside A enhanced testicular and epididymal functions by elevating the expressions of taste receptor 1 subunit 2 (T1R2) and gustducin \u03b1-subunit (GNAT3), and high-dose 7.5 mM sodium saccharin exerted adverse morphologic influences on testis and epididymis with no effect on the expression of T1R2, taste receptor 1 subunit 2 (T1R3), and GNAT3. In conclusion, these findings suggest that a high dose of sodium saccharin has potential adverse biologic effects on the testes and epididymis, while rebaudioside A is a potential steroidogenic sweetener for enhancing reproductive functions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.720889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T04:07:03Z","timestamp":1628136423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Drinking Non-nutritive Sweetness Solution of Sodium Saccharin or Rebaudioside a for Guinea Pigs: Influence on Histologic Change and Expression of Sweet Taste Receptors in Testis and Epididymis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2013.217","article-title":"Human biology of taste","volume":"33","author":"Gravina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2018.07.003","article-title":"Nutrient sensing: what can we learn from different tastes about the nutrient contents in today's foods?","volume":"71","author":"Christophe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Qual Preference"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.05.007","article-title":"Why do we like sweet taste: a bitter tale?","volume":"164","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23299","article-title":"Rewiring the taste system","volume":"548","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.04.027","article-title":"Bitter and sweet tasting molecules: it's complicated","volume":"700","author":"Di Pizio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.06.054","article-title":"Participation of the peripheral taste system in aging-dependent changes in taste sensitivity","volume":"358","author":"Narukawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gat009","article-title":"Taste perception: from the tongue to the testis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"310","article-title":"What we know\u2013and don't\u2013about non-nutritive sweeteners","volume":"68","author":"Dugan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14586","article-title":"Sweet taste receptor expression and its activation by sucralose to regulate glucose absorption in mouse duodenum","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2018.1543745","article-title":"High-fructose in drinking water initiates activation of inflammatory cytokines and testicular degeneration in rat","volume":"29","author":"Yildirim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.011","article-title":"Investigation of the diabetic effects of maternal high-glucose diet on rats","volume":"110","author":"Ozkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2018.64.2.2","article-title":"Effect of Stevia rebaudianaBertoni extract on sexual dysfunction in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats","volume":"64","author":"Ghaheri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol. 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