{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:15:29Z","timestamp":1780708529255,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a heavy burden worldwide. Observational studies have reported a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, its deficiency is also a global health problem. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis and systemic review to compare differences between HIV-infected subjects and non-HIV-infected subjects.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane library. We extracted data, including demographic information, study type, vitamin D-related values, and HIV-related values, ultimately including 15 studies after removing duplicates and screening titles, abstracts, and full texts and finally performing a meta-analysis in terms of vitamin D level and vitamin D deficiency prevalence.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Regarding VDD prevalence, the HIV vs. the non-HIV group had an odds ratio of 1.502 (95% CI, 1.023\u20132.205; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.038). In the subgroup analysis, the odds ratios were 1.647 (95% CI, 1.020\u20132.659; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.041; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 94.568) from 7 studies (age over 40), 2.120 (95% CI, 1.122\u20134.008; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.021; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.000) from 2 studies (BMI less than or equal to 25), 1.805 (95% CI, 1.373\u20132.372; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.042; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 74.576) from 7 studies (latitude &amp;lt;40), 2.120 (95% CI, 1.122\u20134.088; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.021; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.000) from 2 studies (only included male participants), and 2.296 (95% CI, 1.287\u20134.097; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.005; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 19.927) from 3 studies (only included ART-experienced participants). Thirteen studies were deemed to have moderate quality, while two had high quality.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> HIV infected subjects are prone to have VDD compared with general population. ART, older age, lower BMI, lower latitude and male sex may present risk factors for VDD in PLWH.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Systematic Review Registration:<\/jats:bold><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/display_record.php?RecordID=228096<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.722032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T11:50:56Z","timestamp":1629287456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Increased Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency Among HIV-Infected Individuals: A Systematic Review and 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