{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:10:45Z","timestamp":1790741445088,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (BA40) against\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infection in mice.\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    PB6 was utilized as a positive control to compare the protective effects of BA40. In general, a total of 24 5-week-old male C57BL\/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups, with six mice each. The BA40 and PB6 groups were orally dosed with resuspension bacteria (1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/ml) once a day, from day 1 to 13, respectively. In the control and infected groups, the mice were orally pre-treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (200 \u03bcl\/day). The mice in the infected groups, PB6 + infected group and BA40 + infected group, were orally challenged with\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    type A (1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/ml) on day 11, whereas the control group was orally dosed with PBS (200 \u03bcl\/day). The results showed that the BA40 group ameliorated intestinal structure damage caused by the\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Furthermore, the inflammatory responses detected in the infected groups which include the concentrations of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum and secretory immunoglobulin (SigA) in the colon, and nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in the jejunum, were also alleviated (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) by BA40 treatment. Similarly, cytokines were also detected by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, and the results were consistent with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Additionally, in the infected group, the mRNA expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Bax<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic>\n                    was increasing and the\n                    <jats:italic>Bcl-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was decreasing, which was reversed by BA40 and PB6 treatment (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Moreover, the intestinal microbiota imbalance induced by the\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was restored by the BA40 pre-treatment, especially by improving the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Verrucomicrobiota<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) and decreasing the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) in the phyla level, and the infected group increased the relative abundance of some pathogens, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) in the genus level. The gut microbiota alterations in the BA40 group also influenced the metabolic pathways, and the results were also compared. The purine metabolism, 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly changed (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that BA40 can effectively protect mice from\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.733591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T01:10:32Z","timestamp":1634778632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Protective Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 40 Against Clostridium perfringens Infection in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zipeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifa","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoyue","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeqing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303816","article-title":"Foodborne 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