{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:31:43Z","timestamp":1790213503137,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The contamination of infant milk and powder with <jats:italic>Enterobacter sakazakii<\/jats:italic> poses a risk to human health and frequently caused recalls of affected products. This study aims to explore the inactivation mechanism of <jats:italic>E. sakazakii<\/jats:italic> induced by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), which, unlike conventional heat treatment, is a nonthermal technique for pasteurization and sterilization of dairy food without deleterious effects. The mortality of <jats:italic>E. sakazakii<\/jats:italic> under minimum reaction conditions (50 MPa) was 1.42%, which was increased to 33.12% under significant reaction conditions (400 MPa). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent staining results showed that 400 MPa led to a loss of physical integrity of cell membranes as manifested by more intracellular leakage of nucleic acid, intracellular protein and K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis presents a downregulation of three functional genes (<jats:italic>glpK, pbpC<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>ompR<\/jats:italic>), which were involved in cell membrane formation, indicating a lower level of glycerol utilization, outer membrane protein assembly, and environmental tolerance. In addition, the exposure of <jats:italic>E. sakazakii<\/jats:italic> to HHP modified oxidative stress, as reflected by the high activity of catalase and super oxide dismutase. The HHP treatment lowered down the gene expression of flagellar proteins (<jats:italic>fliC, flgI, fliH<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>flgK<\/jats:italic>) and inhibited biofilm formation. These results determined the association of genotype to phenotype in <jats:italic>E. sakazakii<\/jats:italic> induced by HHP, which was used for the control of food-borne pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.739863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T08:14:50Z","timestamp":1632384890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of Structural Changes and Molecular Mechanism Induced by High Hydrostatic Pressure in Enterobacter 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