{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:51:20Z","timestamp":1793044280725,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Despite the benefits in improving the clinical state of people living with HIV\/aids (PLWHA), some side effects associated with the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are reported. Redistribution of body fat has been associated with treatment and is characterized by morphological changes, also known as lipodystrophy. The complications of metabolic and morphological changes in these individuals seem to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Adipocytokines are proteins that have essential functions in biological processes, in which the levels of these proteins are related to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have shown that such levels are generally modified in PLWHA, regardless of whether the treatment is established or not. An application of methods for body fat estimation in patients with fat redistribution, as in the case of aids, especially those that quantify body fat by segments, appears to clarify these alterations and plays an important role in the development of multiprofessional treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> This investigation was carried out to compare and correlate body composition, biochemical metabolic parameters, and levels of adipocytokines and cytokines of PLWHA, with and without lipodystrophy, with individuals with negative HIV serology and stratified by sex.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods:<\/jats:bold> This is a cross-sectional study in which body composition, metabolic and anthropometric changes, and levels of adipocytokines of 110 individuals were assessed. These individuals were paired in sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) and subdivided into three groups: PLWHA with and without a clinical diagnosis of lipodystrophy associated with HIV, and a group control.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Collinearity was identified both in the general sample and for genders of the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) with all anthropometric parameters, except for muscle mass. The results show strong association between IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 both in the general sample and for genders and moderate correlation between leptin and fasting glucose for women; worsening of the triglyceride profile in both women with lipodystrophy compared with the control group and men without lipodystrophy compared with the control group; higher serum TNF-\u03b1 values among men without lipodystrophy compared to those with HIV-associated lipodystrophy (HALS).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> The results of this study underline that, considering the manifestations of the syndrome, these patients have a high-risk endocrine metabolic profile for cardiovascular events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.750721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T16:45:13Z","timestamp":1639068313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Relationship Between Lipodystrophy, Body Composition, Metabolic Profile, and Serum Levels of Adipocytokines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"L\u00edvia Bertazzo","family":"Sacilotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Justina","family":"Papini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Lucia","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo C\u00e2mara Marques","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Corrente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julhiany de F\u00e1tima da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12421","article-title":"Life expectancy of HIV-positive people after starting combination antiretroviral therapy: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Teeraananchai","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30086-3","article-title":"Improved life expectancy of people living with HIV: who is left behind?","volume":"4","author":"Katz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/2157930X.2019.1567964","article-title":"The potential synergies between industrial and health policies for access to medicines: insights from the Brazilian policy of universal access to HIV\/AIDS treatment","volume":"9","author":"Urias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innovation Dev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02854-3","article-title":"Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"356","author":"Carr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S35075","article-title":"HIV-associated lipodystrophy: a review from a Brazilian perspective","volume":"10","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Therap Clin Risk Manage Auckland."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000564","article-title":"The HIV epidemic in Latin America: accomplishments and challenges on treatment and prevention","volume":"14","author":"Luz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-019-0234-2","article-title":"Antiretroviral treatment, government policy and economy of HIV\/AIDS in Brazil: is it time for HIV cure in the country?","volume":"16","author":"Benzaken","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res Therapy."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1177\/1545109708328931","article-title":"Body-fat abnormalities in patients with HIV: progress and challenges","volume":"7","author":"Bedimo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Phys AIDS Care."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36660\/ijcs.20200302","author":"Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipodystrophy Associated with HIV\/ART and Cardiovascular Risk Factors"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"HIV-associated Lipodystrophy\n            GuzmanN\n            VijayanV\n          Treasure Island, FLStatPearls PublishingStatPearls [Internet].2021"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2019.1644317","article-title":"Metabolic complications affecting adipose tissue, lipid and glucose metabolism associated with HIV antiretroviral treatment","volume":"18","author":"Lagathu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Opin Drug Safe."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04056-3","article-title":"Risk of lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: a prospective cohort study","volume":"357","author":"Martinez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200008180-00020","article-title":"Dietary intake, serum lipids, insulin resistance and body composition in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy 'Diet FRS Study'","volume":"14","author":"Batterham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aids."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.12.005","article-title":"Lipodystrophy associated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy for HIV infection: the adipocyte as a target of anti-retroviral-induced mitochondrial toxicity","volume":"26","author":"Villarroya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03391-1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of HIV-1-protease inhibitor-associated peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance","volume":"351","author":"Carr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0181-1","article-title":"HIV and antiretroviral therapy-related fat alterations","volume":"6","author":"Koethe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.14740\/jem364w","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated metabolic syndrome and lipodystrophy: pathophysiology and current therapeutic interventions","volume":"7","author":"Nzuza","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6113.1000182","article-title":"Characteristics associated to lipodystrophy syndrome among HIV infected patients naive and on antiretroviral treatment","volume":"3","author":"Alencastro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J AIDS Clin Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200107270-00008","article-title":"Clinical assessment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy in an ambulatory population","volume":"15","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aids."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.172.2.130","article-title":"When AIDS became a chronic disease","volume":"172","author":"Scandlyn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Western J Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/303141","article-title":"HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome: A review of clinical aspects","volume":"16","author":"Baril","year":"2005","journal-title":"Canad J Infect Dis Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2009.01.002","article-title":"Facial lipoatrophy: appearances are not deceiving","volume":"20","author":"Sanches","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care."},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual","author":"Lohman","year":"1988"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Physical Status: the Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry","year":"1995"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.61","article-title":"Neck circumference as a simple screening measure for identifying overweight and obese patients","volume":"9","author":"Ben-Noun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obesity Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2016.0140","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV in developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Naidu","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283449167","article-title":"Epidemic of metabolic syndrome in Latin America","volume":"18","author":"Cuevas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obesity."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.12873\/363conceicaosilva","article-title":"Perfil metab\u00f3lico, antropom\u00e9trico e lipodistrofia em pessoas vivendo com hiv\/aids em uso de terapia antirretroviral","volume":"36","author":"da Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Cl"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.22.2978","article-title":"Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men","volume":"289","author":"Riddler","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200108150-00004","article-title":"Lipodystrophic syndromes and hyperlipidemia in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients receiving triple combination antiretroviral therapy with a protease inhibitor","volume":"27","author":"Rakotoambinina","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndr."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.101","article-title":"Associations between gender, age and waist circumference","volume":"64","author":"Stevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-814450","article-title":"Lipid and lipoprotein profile in menopausal transition. Effects of hormones, age and fat distribution","volume":"36","author":"Berg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hormone Metab Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.8.6720","article-title":"Serum soluble tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 receptor 2 is elevated in obesity but is not related to insulin sensitivity: a study in identical twins discordant for obesity","volume":"85","author":"R\u00f6nnemaa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.3.451","article-title":"Differential regulation of the p80 tumor necrosis factor receptor in human obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"46","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0014-2972.2001.00940.x","article-title":"Increased serum interferon alpha in HIV-1 associated lipodystrophy syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Christeff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470100067035","article-title":"The interferons: mechanisms of action and clinical applications","volume":"266","author":"Baron","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)80154-E","article-title":"Circulating interferon-\u03b1 levels and hypertriglyceridemia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Grunfeld","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.74.5.1373735","article-title":"Lipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Grunfeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E527","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00110.2003","article-title":"Regulation of adiponectin by adipose tissue-derived cytokines: in vivo and in vitro investigations in humans","volume":"285","author":"Bruun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.4.942","article-title":"Association between adiponectin and mediators of inflammation in obese women","volume":"52","author":"Engeli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.19.4.972","article-title":"C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue?","volume":"19","author":"Yudkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.5.874","article-title":"Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in unstable angina","volume":"94","author":"Biasucci","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(90)90079-G","article-title":"Elevation of C-reactive protein in \u201cactive\u201d coronary artery disease","volume":"65","author":"Berk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200702000310","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy","volume":"20","author":"Falasca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.9.6839","article-title":"Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss","volume":"85","author":"Bastard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00372.x","article-title":"Regulation of adiponectin in adipocytes upon exposure to HIV-1","volume":"7","author":"Sankal\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.05.035","article-title":"Adiponectin: an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease in men in the Framingham offspring Study","volume":"217","author":"Ai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002440","article-title":"Brief report: adiponectin levels linked to subclinical myocardial fibrosis in HIV","volume":"85","author":"Balmaceda","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndr."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021600","article-title":"Regulation of adiponectin in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: relationship to body composition and metabolic indices","volume":"88","author":"Tong","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0395","article-title":"Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ","volume":"89","author":"Kershaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1086\/367859","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy are associated with serum concentrations of leptin","volume":"36","author":"Nagy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200307040-00011","article-title":"Serum adipocytokines are related to lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in HIV-infected men under antiretroviral therapy","volume":"17","author":"Vigouroux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aids."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030218","article-title":"Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"349","author":"Group","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200305230-00010","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients-association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study","volume":"17","author":"Friis-M\u00f8ller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aids."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.750721\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T16:45:19Z","timestamp":1639068319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.750721\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2021.750721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.750721","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"article-number":"750721"}}