{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T22:05:16Z","timestamp":1789250716011,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is a fast-evolving public health challenge. The rising prevalence of obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases alongside persistent nutritional deficiencies are compelling problems in many developing countries. However, there is limited evidence on the coexistence of these conditions in the same individual among community-dwelling adults. This cross-sectional study describes the various forms of DBM and examines the determinants of DBM at the individual level among adults in the Philippines.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> A nationwide dataset from the 2013 Philippine National Nutrition Survey was used. The final study sample consisted of 17,157 adults (8,596 men and 8,561 non-pregnant and non-lactating women). This study focused on three DBM types within adults: (#1) Underweight and at least one cardiometabolic risk factor (Uw + \u22651 CMRF), (#2) Anemia and at least one cardiometabolic risk factor (An + \u22651 CMRF), (#3) Vitamin A deficiency or iodine insufficiency and at least one cardiometabolic risk factor (Other MND + \u22651 CMRF). The total double burden of malnutrition was also evaluated as the sum of the aforementioned three types. Logistic regression models were used to assess associations between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and DBM.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The prevalence of the three types of DBM were: type #1, 8.1%; type #2, 5.6%; type #3, 20.6%, and the total DBM prevalence was 29.4%. Sex, age, educational attainment, employment status, wealth quintile, and alcohol drinking were the risk factors for DBM. In contrast, marital status, smoking, and physical activity were associated with the different DBM types.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The study findings contribute to the current state of knowledge on the broad spectrum of individual-level DBM. Understanding the disparities of this phenomenon could guide integrated actions directed to the concomitance of malnutrition in various forms and cardiometabolic disease risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.760437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T04:41:31Z","timestamp":1636951291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Double Burden of Malnutrition at the Individual Level Among Adults: A Nationwide Survey in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Aileen R.","family":"de Juras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Chen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan 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