{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T02:11:07Z","timestamp":1776910267904,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) are at a high risk of cholestasis or cholelithiasis. This study aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors, and clinical consequences of cholelithiasis in adults with SBS over an extended period.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> All eligible adults diagnosed with SBS and admitted to a tertiary hospital center between January 2010 and December 2019 were retrospectively identified from the hospital records database. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis was used to estimate the cumulative incidence of SBS during the 10-year period. For assessment the risk factors for cholelithiasis, we used multivariate Cox proportional hazards model with estimation of hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95 %CI).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> This study enrolled 345 eligible patients with SBS. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis revealed that 72 patients (20.9%) developed cholelithiasis during the 10-year observation period. In multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazard model revealed that the remnant jejunum (HR = 2.163; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.156\u20134.047, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.016) and parenteral nutrition dependence (HR = 1.783; 95% CI: 1.077\u20132.952, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.025) were independent risk factors for cholelithiasis in adults with SBS. Twenty-eight patients developed symptoms and\/or complications in the cholelithiasis group. Proportions of acute cholecystitis or cholangitis and acute pancreatitis were significantly increased in the cholelithiasis group compared with the non-cholelithiasis group (31.9 vs. 7.7%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01; and 6.9 vs. 1.1%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003, respectively).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Because of the adverse clinical consequences of cholelithiasis, adult patients with SBS should be closely monitored, and preventive interventions should be considered.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold><jats:ext-link>www.ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier: NCT04867538.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.762240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T13:59:44Z","timestamp":1638367184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Complications of Cholelithiasis in Adults With Short Bowel Syndrome: A Longitudinal Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Xuejin","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaqin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deshuai","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16024","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.24","article-title":"Gallstones","volume":"2","author":"Lammert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00336-x","article-title":"2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis","volume":"15","author":"Pisano","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607189013005461","article-title":"Gallstone disease in patients with severe short bowel syndrome dependent on parenteral nutrition","volume":"13","author":"Manji","year":"1989","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2006.09.008","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and complications of cholelithiasis in patients with home parenteral nutrition","volume":"204","author":"Dray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(97)90609-6","article-title":"Prevention of liver failure in parenteral nutrition-dependent children with short bowel syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Meehan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"67","article-title":"[Rapid adaptation response after extensive resection of the small intestine: case report]","volume":"52","author":"Grebeldinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Pregl."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113512678","article-title":"Short bowel syndrome: highlights of patient management, quality of life, and survival","volume":"38","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8s","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114520994","article-title":"Spectrum of short bowel syndrome in adults: intestinal insufficiency to intestinal failure","volume":"38","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.08.017","article-title":"et al: ESPEN endorsed recommendations. 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