{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:35:51Z","timestamp":1790800551357,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81830119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81830119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82174040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caffeine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which respectively, are the main functional extracts from coffee and green tea, and present protective effects against non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). These two beverages and their functional extracts are highly recommended as potential treatments for obesity and NAFLD in clinics; however, their pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacological mechanisms in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the commonality and specificity of the pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacological mechanisms of caffeine and EGCG on NASH mice, which were fed with a high-trans fatty acid\/high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet. C57BL\/6J mice were fed a normal diet (control group) or an HFHC diet (HFHC group) for 24 weeks. HFHC group mice were additionally treated with caffeine (75 mg\/kg) or EGCG (100 mg\/kg) for 6 weeks, using obeticholic acid (OCA,10 mg\/kg) as a positive control group. The pharmacological effects of the drugs, including effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and liver inflammation and fibrosis, were evaluated. Gene expression in liver tissue samples from the different groups were assessed. Both caffeine and EGCG significantly reduced the liver manifestations of NASH induced by HFHC. The pathological aspects of liver lipid deposition, inflammation, and liver fibrosis in both groups were strongly ameliorated. Of note, most indexes were strongly reversed in the caffeine group, although AST activity, fasting blood glucose, and the HOMA-IR index were improved in the ECGC group. There were 714 differentially expressed genes between the caffeine and HFHC groups and 268 differentially expressed genes between the EGCG and HFHC groups. Twenty and 17 NASH-related KEGG signaling pathways were enriched by caffeine and EGCG. This study confirmed that 75 mg\/kg caffeine and 100 mg\/kg EGCG could significantly improve liver lipid deposition, glucose metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis in a mouse model of NASH induced by HFHC. The bioinformatics platform we built for caffeine and EGCG in NASH disease found that the two drugs may greatly overlap in improving the mechanism related to NASH inflammation. However, caffeine may have better potential in regulating glucose metabolism and EGCG may have better potential in regulating lipid metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.784354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T05:05:10Z","timestamp":1638248710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Caffeine and EGCG Alleviate High-Trans Fatty Acid and High-Carbohydrate Diet-Induced NASH in Mice: Commonality and Specificity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Xin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Bei-yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Hong-shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Hua-jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Zi-ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Qin-mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Yi-yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2298","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a review","volume":"323","author":"Sheka","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0145-7","article-title":"From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges","volume":"16","author":"Anstee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.11.012","article-title":"Determinants of fibrosis progression and regression in NASH","volume":"68","author":"Schuppan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00381-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153688","article-title":"Association between lysosomal dysfunction and obesity-related pathology: a key knowledge to prevent metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Mizunoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.051","article-title":"Therapeutic landscape for NAFLD in 2020","volume":"158","author":"Neuschwander-Tetri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4747","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4747","article-title":"Management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"372","author":"Petroni","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319104","article-title":"Combination therapy for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: rationale, opportunities and challenges","volume":"69","author":"Dufour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112586","article-title":"Efficacy and mechanism of polymerized anthocyanin from grape-skin extract on high-fat-diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170918120643","article-title":"Natural active compounds from plant food and chinese herbal medicine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653641","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.653641","article-title":"Geniposide and chlorogenic acid combination improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease involving the potent suppression of elevated hepatic SCD-1","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.03.012","article-title":"Coffee and tea consumption in relation with non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"35","author":"Marventano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.17306\/J.AFS.0796","article-title":"Coffee and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review","volume":"19","author":"Nikrandt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116433","article-title":"Alcohol, smoking, coffee, and cirrhosis","volume":"136","author":"Klatsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0603-x","article-title":"Coffee and caffeine intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24731","article-title":"Association of coffee and caffeine consumption with fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and degree of hepatic fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"Molloy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.104125","article-title":"Moderate coffee consumption reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B chronic carriers: a case-control study","volume":"65","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9725-0","article-title":"Coffee consumption and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from the Singapore Chinese Health Study","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23279","article-title":"Increased caffeine consumption is associated with reduced hepatic fibrosis","volume":"51","author":"Modi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.075","article-title":"Coffee and caffeine consumption reduce the risk of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States","volume":"128","author":"Ruhl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093042","article-title":"Effect of coffee consumption on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease incidence, prevalence and risk of significant liver fibrosis: systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"13","author":"Ebadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.05.026","article-title":"The increased amount of coffee consumption lowers the incidence of fatty liver disease in Korean men","volume":"30","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.08.022","article-title":"Recent advances in tea polysaccharides: extraction, purification, physicochemical characterization and bioactivities","volume":"153","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5490","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i20.5490","article-title":"Herb-induced liver injury: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Ballotin","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00440.x","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of green tea in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"70","author":"Masterjohn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05032","article-title":"Preventive efficiency of green tea and its components on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.08.031","article-title":"Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and preneoplastic lesions develop in the liver of obese and hypertensive rats: suppressing effects of EGCG on the development of liver lesions","volume":"342","author":"Kochi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26667","article-title":"Caffeine stimulates hepatic lipid metabolism by the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in mice","volume":"59","author":"Sinha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113240","article-title":"Effects of a low dose of caffeine alone or as part of a green coffee extract, in a rat dietary model of lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease without inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Velazquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5599997","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5599997","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via inhibition of apoptosis and promotion of autophagy through the ROS\/MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020599","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate dampens non-alcoholic fatty liver by modulating liver function, lipid profile and macrophage polarization","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071076","article-title":"Green Tea and Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) for the management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases (NAFLD): insights into the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632017694898","article-title":"Caffeine intake decreases oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in experimental liver diseases induced by thioacetamide: biochemical and histological study","volume":"30","author":"Amer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.10.2512","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate supplementation alleviates diabetes in rodents","volume":"136","author":"Wolfram","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2748","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.172","article-title":"miR-21 ablation and obeticholic acid ameliorate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00462-y","article-title":"High-trans fatty acid and high-sugar diets can cause mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with liver fibrosis and potential pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00408-y","article-title":"Therapeutic pipeline in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"18","author":"Vuppalanchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2018.03.008","article-title":"Guidelines of prevention and treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a 2018 update","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1143-3","article-title":"Protective role of coffee in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"55","author":"Catalano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)30931-7","article-title":"High coffee intake is associated with lower grade nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the role of peripheral antioxidant activity","volume":"11","author":"Gutierrez-Grobe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700483","article-title":"Potential Biological effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00694-5","article-title":"Effects of supplementation with main coffee components including caffeine and\/or chlorogenic acid on hepatic, metabolic, and inflammatory indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Mansour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr J."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0265203021000007840","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on human health","volume":"20","author":"Nawrot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"30","article-title":"A primer on caffeine pharmacology and its drug interactions in clinical psychopharmacology","volume":"35","author":"Donovan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6295","article-title":"Coadministration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and caffeine in low dose ameliorates obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese rats","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2017.1320537","article-title":"Caffeine, coffee, and appetite control: a review","volume":"68","author":"Schubert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00148","article-title":"CD47 deficiency in mice exacerbates chronic fatty diet-induced steatohepatitis through its role in regulating hepatic inflammation and lipid metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05052.x","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis induced by high fat diet","volume":"23","author":"Kuzu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.20-39","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the interaction between gut microbiota and bile acids","volume":"67","author":"Naito","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327117747026","article-title":"Caffeine affects HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by multifactorial intervention","volume":"37","author":"Helal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess19303","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 signaling and alleviates insulin resistance in the livers of high-fat-diet rats","volume":"69","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oleo Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X15593700","article-title":"Association between caffeine consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9090435","article-title":"Raw bowl tea (Tuocha) polyphenol prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating intestinal function in mice","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-010-0176-6","article-title":"Caffeine protects against alcoholic liver injury by attenuating inflammatory response and oxidative stress","volume":"59","author":"Lv","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0516-8","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease rat model through TGF\/SMAD, PI3 K\/Akt\/FoxO1, and NF-kappa B pathways","volume":"53","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20130833","article-title":"CXCR4 dysfunction in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and patients","volume":"128","author":"Boujedidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.019","article-title":"Tripartite motif 16 ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by promoting the degradation of phospho-TAK1","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.07.020","article-title":"Obeticholic acid impact on quality of life in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: regenerate 18-month interim analysis","author":"Younossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.784354\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T05:05:19Z","timestamp":1638248719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.784354\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2021.784354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.784354","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"article-number":"784354"}}