{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:47:23Z","timestamp":1790711243062,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001313","name":"Coventry University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001313","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to investigate the influence of vitamin D supplementation on immune function of healthy older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Designed as a randomized controlled trial, 21 participants (55\u201385 years) completed the study during May\u2013November 2018 in Coventry, England. The participants were randomized into vitamin D or the control group, stratified by age, gender and body mass index. The vitamin D group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 12) took vitamin D3 tablets of 1,000 IU\/day for 12 weeks plus vitamin D education leaflet, while the control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9) were only provided with the leaflet. At baseline, 6 and 12 weeks, plasma 25(OH)D levels and immunological and metabolic parameters including phagocytic activity of granulocytes and monocytes, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, lymphocyte subsets and fasting blood glucose and lipid were measured. Dietary vitamin D intake was analyzed at baseline and week 12. Data were presented as mean \u00b1 SD. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and independent <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test were used to analyze the data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At baseline, 42.9% of the participants were vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D &amp;lt; 25 nmol\/L), only 10% achieved a level of 25(OH)D &amp;gt; 50 nmol\/L. Overweight\/obese participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9) had significantly lower mean plasma 25(OH)D concentration (22.3 \u00b1 8.7 nmol\/L) than normal weight participants (48.1 \u00b1 34.3 nmol\/L) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.043). There was a significant increase in plasma 25(OH)D concentration in vitamin D group compared with that in control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002) during the intervention period. The plasma 25(OH)D concentration in vitamin D group was increased at 6 weeks (from 38.4 \u00b1 37.0 nmol\/L at baseline to 51.0 \u00b1 38.2 nmol\/L) with little change observed between 6 and 12 weeks (51.8 \u00b1 36.4 nmol\/L). The plasma creatinine concentration in vitamin D group was significantly decreased compared with the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.036) (79.8 \u00b1 7.0 \u03bcmol\/L at baseline vs 75.1 \u00b1 5.4 \u03bcmol\/L at week 12). No significant effect of vitamin D supplementation was determined on immunological parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is common among the aging population in the UK even during the summertime. Vitamin D supplementation at 1,000 IU\/day for 12 weeks significantly increased plasma 25(OH)D concentration but showed no effect on metabolic and immunological parameters except decreased plasma creatinine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1005786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T06:55:00Z","timestamp":1667285700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of vitamin D supplementation on immune function of healthy aging people: A pilot randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Honglin","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktorija","family":"Asmolovaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Farnaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Renshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31821b8755","article-title":"Vitamin D and the immune system.","volume":"59","author":"Aranow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Med."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"5624","article-title":"Induction of macrophage differentiation of human normal and leukemic myeloid stem cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its fluorinated analogues.","author":"Koeffler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.2909","article-title":"Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression.","volume":"173","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141770","article-title":"The impact of vitamin D levels on inflammatory status: a systematic review of immune cell studies.","volume":"10","author":"Calton","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2016.37","article-title":"Vitamin D and inflammatory markers: cross-sectional analyses using data from the english longitudinal study of ageing (ELSA).","volume":"6","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9694","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-014-9694-4","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D and inflammatory markers in older individuals.","volume":"36","author":"De Vita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64096","article-title":"Causes, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging.","volume":"123","author":"Montecino-Rodriguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p. 127","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374279-7.19003-4","article-title":"Immunity and aging.","author":"Caruso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Immunobiology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-2-17","article-title":"Melatonin, immune function and aging.","volume":"2","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immun Ageing."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02247","article-title":"Immunosenescence and its hallmarks: how to oppose aging strategically? 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