{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T02:13:33Z","timestamp":1789006413690,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Linseed oil, an important source of dietary \u03b1-linolenic acid, is used to provide meat enriched in n-3 PUFA. We investigated the effects of dietary linseed oil (0, 0.5, 1, and 2%) on growth performance, meat quality, tissue fatty acid (FA), and transcriptome profiles in ducks. The result showed that dietary linseed oil had no effect on growth performance. Increasing dietary linseed oil enrichment raised n-3 PUFA and linoleic acid (LA) levels in both the liver and breast muscle, but decreased dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) levels in the liver. The liver n-3 PUFA content was negatively correlated with duck body weight. Transcriptome analysis showed that dietary linseed oil caused hepatic changes in genes (<jats:italic>SCD<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FADS1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FADS2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>ACOT6<\/jats:italic>) related to the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Besides, dietary linseed oil also affected the expression of genes related to PUFAs and downstream metabolites (such as linoleic acid, steroid hormone, progesterone, etc.) metabolic pathways in both liver and breast muscle. Key genes involved in PUFA synthesis and transport pathways were examined by RT-qPCR, and the results verified that hepatic expression levels of <jats:italic>FADS1<\/jats:italic> and F<jats:italic>ADS2<\/jats:italic> decreased, and those of <jats:italic>FABP4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>FABP5<\/jats:italic> increased when 2% linseed oil was added. <jats:italic>CD36<\/jats:italic> expression level increased in breast muscle when 2% linseed oil was added. Thus, 2% dietary linseed oil supplementation produces n-3 PUFA-enriched duck products by regulating the PUFA metabolic pathways, which could be advantageous for health-conscious consumers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1030712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T06:15:35Z","timestamp":1666937735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dietary linseed oil affects the polyunsaturated fatty acid and transcriptome profiles in the livers and breast muscles of ducks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Laidi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingqiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guobin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew348","article-title":"Effects of dietary fats on egg quality and lipid parameters in serum and yolks of Shan partridge duck.","volume":"96","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2007.12.004","article-title":"The opposing effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids.","volume":"47","author":"Schmitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2016.06.003","article-title":"Linoleic acid and the pathogenesis of obesity.","volume":"125","author":"Naughton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9995","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b02918","article-title":"Effects of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios on lipid levels and fatty acid profile of cherry valley ducks at 15-42 days of age.","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00253-6","article-title":"The importance of the ratio of omega-6\/omega-3 essential fatty acids.","volume":"56","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2015.1077790","article-title":"A review of recent evidence in human studies of n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depressive disorders: does the ratio really matter?","volume":"66","author":"Marventano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660400006297","article-title":"Brain size, brain composition and intracranial fat bodies in a population of free-living crested ducks (\u2018Hochbrutflugenten\u2019).","volume":"45","author":"Frahm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.596292","article-title":"Bioavailability and potential uses of vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids: a review of the literature.","volume":"54","author":"Lane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1425978","article-title":"How does high DHA fish oil affect health? 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