{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:53:33Z","timestamp":1790607213724,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32160548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects nucleated cells of all warm-blooded animals, and most patients have latent infections. The latent infection will be reactivated in the immunocompromised or immunocompromised individuals, which will lead to severe toxoplasmosis. At present, less research has been focused on the reactivation of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection. Koumiss is a kind of fermented milk made from fresh mare\u2019s milk through natural fermentation that can be applied to clinical and rehabilitation medicine to mitigate the development of various diseases due to its unique functional characteristics. In this study, we explored the antagonistic effect of koumiss on reactivation of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection. Mice were treated with dexamethasone to establish a reactivation model after infection with <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> and then treated with koumiss. The survival rate, SHIRPA test, serum cytokine levels, organ parasite burden and intestinal microbiota were measured, respectively. Our results showed that koumiss treatment improved the clinical symptoms of mice, significantly reduced the organ parasite burden of mice, and improved the composition and structure of intestinal flora. This study provides new evidence for the alleviation and treatment of toxoplasmosis and provides a novel idea for the development and utilization of koumiss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T04:42:46Z","timestamp":1666240966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Study on the effect of koumiss on reactivation of Toxoplasma gondii infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xinlei","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hejing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xindong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pufang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii.","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Vector."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.693197","article-title":"A review on human toxoplasmosis.","volume":"44","author":"Saadatnia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.005","article-title":"History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii.","volume":"39","author":"Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.4.449","article-title":"How does Toxoplasma gondii enter host cells?","volume":"7","author":"Werk","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.01.001","article-title":"Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in China: perspective for control.","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.01.004","article-title":"Clonal types of Toxoplasma gondii among immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra, Ghana.","volume":"65","author":"Ayi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Int."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.89","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients.","volume":"4","author":"Pereira-Chioccola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fut Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.573809","article-title":"Latent toxoplasmosis reduces gray matter density in schizophrenia but not in controls: voxel-based-morphometry (VBM) study.","volume":"13","author":"Horacek","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01131.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma and schizophrenia.","volume":"31","author":"Yolken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001253","article-title":"Incidence, immunological and clinical characteristics of reactivation of latent Toxoplasma gondii infection in HIV-infected patients.","volume":"143","author":"Kodym","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2202","article-title":"Gut cell metabolism shapes the microbiome.","volume":"357","author":"Cani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104621","article-title":"Exercise, diet and stress as modulators of gut microbiota: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"134","author":"Gubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.063","article-title":"Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice.","volume":"139","author":"Bercik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6421","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2595","article-title":"Nutritional and ethnomedicinal scenario of koumiss: A concurrent review.","volume":"9","author":"Afzaal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15155","article-title":"Study of bacterial and fungal community structures in traditional koumiss from Inner Mongolia.","volume":"102","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103522","article-title":"Koumiss consumption induced changes in the fecal metabolomes of chronic atrophic gastritis patients.","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.255","article-title":"Probiotics and chronic kidney disease.","volume":"88","author":"Koppe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0525-2","article-title":"Probiotic and anti-inflammatory attributes of an isolate Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 from Mongolian fermented koumiss.","volume":"15","author":"Rong","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7852","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0525-2","article-title":"Investigating bacterial population structure and dynamics in traditional koumiss from Inner Mongolia using single molecule real-time sequencing.","volume":"99","author":"Gesudu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835123","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.835123","article-title":"Diversity analysis of bacterial and function prediction in hurunge from mongolia.","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001111","article-title":"Mechanism of dexamethasone in the context of Toxoplasma gondii infection.","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s003359900551","article-title":"Behavioral and functional analysis of mouse phenotype: SHIRPA, a proposed protocol for comprehensive phenotype assessment.","volume":"8","author":"Rogers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mamm Genome."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5522-y","article-title":"Mast cell activator compound 48\/40 is not an effective adjuvant for UV-attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine.","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2012.929","article-title":"Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on survival time in ovarian cancer xenograft-bearing mice.","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncol Lett."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00054","article-title":"Clinical toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats: an update.","volume":"6","author":"Calero-Bernal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827286","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.827286","article-title":"Impact of plant-based foods and nutraceuticals on Toxoplasma gondii cysts: nutritional therapy as a viable approach for managing chronic brain toxoplasmosis.","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30005-X","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of Toxoplasma gondii infection in HIV-infected people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0059-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among a group of Egyptian patients with type I diabetes mellitus.","volume":"43","author":"Khattab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull Natl Res Centre."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.07.007","article-title":"The neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii induces sustained neuroinflammation with microvascular dysfunction in infected mice.","volume":"188","author":"Estato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2013.08.011","article-title":"Brain is the predilection site of Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally inoculated pigs as revealed by magnetic capture and real-time PCR.","volume":"38","author":"Jur\u00e1nkov\u00e1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000049742.68848.99","article-title":"Association between plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and long-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes.","volume":"107","author":"de Lemos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07204-w","article-title":"The role of IL-12 in stimulating NK cells against Toxoplasma gondii infection: a mini-review.","volume":"120","author":"Mahmoudzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2016.05.008","article-title":"Induction of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells following Toxoplasma gondii infection is important to the cyst formation.","volume":"7","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02837.x","article-title":"T helper cell type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 responses to myelin basic protein and disease activity in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"125","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v32.i1.30","article-title":"Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease.","volume":"32","author":"Iyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308619","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2308619","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii-induced long-term changes in the upper intestinal microflora during the chronic stage of infection.","volume":"2018","author":"Prandovszky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientifica."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105301","article-title":"Changes to the gut microbiota in mice induced by infection with Toxoplasma gondii.","volume":"203","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-6-25","article-title":"The murine appendiceal microbiome is altered in spontaneous colitis and its pathological progression.","volume":"6","author":"Alkadhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.12.010","article-title":"Genomics and ecological overview of the genus Bifidobacterium.","volume":"149","author":"Turroni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082674","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulation in the context of immune-related aspects of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in Gastrointestinal Cancers.","volume":"13","author":"Ka\u017amierczak-Siedlecka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02345","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and their molecular communication with the immune system.","volume":"8","author":"Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2010.03.002","article-title":"Effects of synbiotic-based Bifidobacterium animalis in female rats experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii.","volume":"34","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032271\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T04:42:49Z","timestamp":1666240969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032271\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032271","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"article-number":"1032271"}}