{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:54:10Z","timestamp":1789178050608,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":280,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Micronutritional deficiencies are common in atopic children suffering from atopic dermatitis, food allergy, rhinitis, and asthma. A lack of iron, in particular, may impact immune activation with prolonged deficiencies of iron, zinc, vitamin A, and vitamin D associated with a Th2 signature, maturation of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), and the generation of IgE antibodies. In contrast, the sufficiency of these micronutrients establishes immune resilience, promotion of regulatory cells, and tolerance induction. As micronutritional deficiencies mimic an infection, the body\u2019s innate response is to limit access to these nutrients and also impede their dietary uptake. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the physiological function of iron, zinc, and vitamins A and D in relation to immune cells and the clinical consequences of deficiencies in these important nutrients, especially in the perinatal period. Improved dietary uptake of iron is achieved by vitamin C, vitamin A, and whey compounds, whereas zinc bioavailability improves through citrates and proteins. The addition of oil is essential for the dietary uptake of beta-carotene and vitamin D. As for vitamin D, the major source comes\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    sun exposure and only a small amount is consumed\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    diet, which should be factored into clinical nutritional studies. We summarize the prevalence of micronutritional deficiencies of iron, zinc, and vitamins in the pediatric population as well as nutritional intervention studies on atopic diseases with whole food, food components, and micronutrients. Dietary uptake\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    the lymphatic route seems promising and is associated with a lower atopy risk and symptom amelioration. This review provides useful information for clinical studies and concludes\/emphasizes that a healthy, varied diet containing dairy products, fish, nuts, fruits, and vegetables as well as supplementing foods or supplementation with micronutrients as needed is essential to combat the atopic march.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T08:37:54Z","timestamp":1673339874000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Lack of iron, zinc, and vitamins as a contributor to the etiology of atopic diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Diego G.","family":"Peroni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Hufnagl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Comberiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Roth-Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1841636","article-title":"Impact of bacterial infections on erythropoiesis.","volume":"19","author":"Valente de Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00745-6","article-title":"Nutritional immunity: the battle for nutrient metals at the host-pathogen interface.","volume":"20","author":"Murdoch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis010","article-title":"Iron deficiency protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and death in young children.","volume":"54","author":"Gwamaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy791","article-title":"Iron status and associated malaria risk among African children.","volume":"68","author":"Muriuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1086\/422331","article-title":"Iron deficiency and malaria among children living on the coast of Kenya.","volume":"190","author":"Nyakeriga","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2015.9.1.57","article-title":"Nutrient intakes of infants with atopic dermatitis and relationship with feeding type.","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Res Pract."},{"key":"B7","year":"2006","journal-title":"Guidelines on Food Fortification With Micronutrients."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.1.190","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of human milk in atopic Danish mothers.","volume":"84","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13179","article-title":"Lower vitamin D levels in the breast milk is associated with atopic dermatitis in early infancy.","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602048","article-title":"Vitamin C in breast milk may reduce the risk of atopy in the infant.","volume":"59","author":"Hoppu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.027","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharide profiles and allergic disease up to 18 years.","volume":"147","author":"Lodge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01427","article-title":"Human milk from atopic mothers has lower levels of short chain fatty acids.","volume":"11","author":"Stinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13744","article-title":"Lower caprylate and acetate levels in the breast milk is associated with atopic dermatitis in infancy.","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13500","article-title":"Sex-specific associations of human milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and infant allergic conditions.","volume":"32","author":"Miliku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13114","article-title":"Breast milk polyunsaturated fatty acids: associations with adolescent allergic disease and lung function.","volume":"72","author":"Waidyatillake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600926","article-title":"Essential fatty acids in breast milk of atopic mothers: comparison with non-atopic mothers, and effect of borage oil supplementation.","volume":"54","author":"Thijs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.01852.x","article-title":"Maternal breast milk long-chain n-3 fatty acids are associated with increased risk of atopy in breastfed infants.","volume":"34","author":"Stoney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278S","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy022","article-title":"Overview of nutrients in human milk.","volume":"9","author":"Dror","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12503","article-title":"The effects of a lipid-based nutrient supplement and antiretroviral therapy in a randomized controlled trial on iron, copper, and zinc in milk from HIV-infected Malawian mothers and associations with maternal and infant biomarkers.","volume":"14","author":"Hampel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7040054","article-title":"Iron and the Breastfed Infant.","volume":"7","author":"Friel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2472-1182.1000104","article-title":"Breast milk iron concentrations may be lower than previously reported: implications for exclusively breastfed infants.","volume":"2","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern Pediatr Nutr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6088","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085271","article-title":"Immune modulation by Vitamin D and its relevance to food allergy.","volume":"7","author":"Suaini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12641","article-title":"Neonatal vitamin A supplementation associated with increased atopy in girls.","volume":"70","author":"Aage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/08941930490502817","article-title":"Deleterious effect of zinc in a pig model of acute endotoxemia.","volume":"17","author":"Krones","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Surg."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121864","article-title":"Iron overload, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in the failing heart and liver.","volume":"10","author":"Mancardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B26","year":"2011","journal-title":"Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.859922","article-title":"Iron-deficiency in atopic diseases: innate immune priming by allergens and siderophores.","volume":"3","author":"Roth-Walter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Allergy."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0207","article-title":"Effects of macro- and micronutrients on exercise-induced hepcidin response in highly trained endurance athletes.","volume":"42","author":"Dahlquist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151179498","article-title":"Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice.","volume":"98","author":"Nicolas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.15360920","article-title":"Heart Failure Hospitalization Risk associated with Iron Status in Veterans with CKD.","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab050","article-title":"Serum biomarkers of iron stores are associated with worse physical health-related quality of life in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients with or without anemia.","volume":"36","author":"Guedes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.0605","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of daprodustat for treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease in incident dialysis patients: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"182","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.04.042","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intravenous ferric derisomaltose compared to iron sucrose for iron deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease with and without heart failure.","volume":"152","author":"Ambrosy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu357","article-title":"Effect of oral liposomal iron versus intravenous iron for treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in CKD patients: a randomized trial.","volume":"30","author":"Pisani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-011-1885-0","article-title":"Effects of intravenous iron saccharate on improving severe anemia in rheumatoid arthritis patients.","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.629831","article-title":"Iron deficiency, a risk factor of thyroid disorders in reproductive-age and pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033221093508","article-title":"Hematologic manifestations of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: an emphasis on anemia.","volume":"31","author":"Kisaoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lupus."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"EC08","article-title":"Anaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus based on iron studies and soluble transferrin receptor levels.","volume":"10","author":"Mittal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2020.1748585","article-title":"Newly diagnosed iron deficiency anemia and subsequent autoimmune disease: a matched cohort study in Taiwan.","volume":"36","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07599-1","article-title":"Ironing it all out: a comprehensive review of iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease patients.","author":"Maas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013529.pub2","article-title":"Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"1","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202153746","article-title":"Iron supplementation is sufficient to rescue skeletal muscle mass and function in cancer cachexia.","volume":"23","author":"Wyart","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-015-0842-3","article-title":"Iron metabolism and iron supplementation in cancer patients.","volume":"127","author":"Ludwig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-021-02580-2","article-title":"SEOM clinical guidelines for anaemia treatment in cancer patients (2020).","volume":"23","author":"Escobar Alvarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.02.028","article-title":"Ameliorating atopy by compensating micronutritional deficiencies in immune cells: a double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study.","volume":"10","author":"Bartosik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14960","article-title":"Functional iron-deficiency in women with allergic rhinitis is associated with symptoms after nasal provocation and lack of iron-sequestering microbes.","volume":"76","author":"Petje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13080","article-title":"Can diet-induced weight loss improve iron homoeostasis in patients with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12323","article-title":"Obesity and iron deficiency: a quantitative meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803625","article-title":"Inflammation and iron deficiency in the hypoferremia of obesity.","volume":"31","author":"Yanoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2021.09.005","article-title":"Assessment of baseline rates of functional and absolute iron deficiency in bariatric surgery candidates: a retrospective study.","volume":"17","author":"Hegarty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022000210","article-title":"Characterisation of anaemia amongst school going adolescent girls in rural Haryana, India.","volume":"25","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13375","article-title":"Abnormal iron status is independently associated with reduced oscillometric lung function in schoolchildren.","volume":"15","author":"Ha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Respir J."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/106150","article-title":"Relationships between plasma micronutrients, serum IgE, and skin test reactivity and asthma among school children in rural Southwest Nigeria.","volume":"2014","author":"Oluwole","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomark."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.146","article-title":"Overweight children have higher circulating hepcidin concentrations and lower iron status but have dietary iron intakes and bioavailability comparable with normal weight children.","volume":"33","author":"Aeberli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Obes."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-03906-w","article-title":"Monitoring oral iron therapy in children with iron deficiency anemia: an observational, prospective, multicenter study of AIEOP patients (Associazione Italiana Emato-Oncologia Pediatrica).","volume":"99","author":"Russo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Hematol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040097","article-title":"Sucrosomial((R)) iron: a new generation iron for improving oral supplementation.","volume":"11","author":"Gomez-Ramirez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019020213","article-title":"Iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease: updates on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.","volume":"31","author":"Batchelor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.3065","article-title":"Association between atopic disease and anemia in US children.","volume":"170","author":"Drury","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1836-5","article-title":"Association between atopic disease and anemia in pediatrics: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"19","author":"Rhew","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.148","article-title":"Antioxidant nutrient intakes and corresponding biomarkers associated with the risk of atopic dermatitis in young children.","volume":"64","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"589","article-title":"[Immunological and trace element study in 50 children with various diseases caused by food allergens and aeroallergens].","volume":"9","author":"De Luca","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Med Chir."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27350","article-title":"Iron status of breastfed infants is improved equally by medicinal iron and iron-fortified cereal.","volume":"90","author":"Ziegler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14004","article-title":"Food restriction, nutrition status, and growth in toddlers with atopic dermatitis.","volume":"37","author":"Low","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2014.26.5.570","article-title":"Dietary pattern and nutrient intake of korean children with atopic dermatitis.","volume":"26","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-293","article-title":"Recurrent wheezing is associated with intestinal protozoan infections in Warao Amerindian children in Venezuela: a cross-sectional survey.","volume":"14","author":"Overeem","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002673","article-title":"Anti-Anisakis IgE seroprevalence in the healthy Croatian coastal population and associated risk factors.","volume":"8","author":"Mladineo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-015-0090-0","article-title":"Risk factors associated with asthma, atopic dermatitis and rhinoconjunctivitis in a rural Senegalese cohort.","volume":"11","author":"Herrant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14821","article-title":"Impact of early life geohelminths on wheeze, asthma and atopy in Ecuadorian children at 8 years.","volume":"76","author":"Cooper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.10.024","article-title":"Early life risk factors for atopic dermatitis in Ethiopian children.","volume":"115","author":"Haileamlak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813003154","article-title":"Enterobius vermicularis and allergic conditions in Norwegian children.","volume":"142","author":"Boas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B71","first-page":"193","article-title":"Prevalence and potential risk factors of rhinitis and atopic eczema among schoolchildren in Vientiane capital, Lao PDR: ISAAC questionnaire.","volume":"2","author":"Phathammavong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci Trends."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0490:POIPAI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites among individuals with allergic skin diseases.","volume":"89","author":"Giacometti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12129","article-title":"Deworming is not a risk factor for the development of atopic diseases: a longitudinal study in Cuban school children.","volume":"43","author":"van der Werff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2020.1729381","article-title":"Validation of the breathmobile case identification survey for asthma screening in children with sickle cell disease.","volume":"58","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Asthma."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2019.1014","article-title":"Airway inflammation and lung function in sickle cell disease.","volume":"32","author":"De","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol."},{"key":"B76","first-page":"158","article-title":"The multitransfused beta-thalassemic child: a model for the study of IgE response.","volume":"56","author":"Vierucci","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Allergy."},{"key":"B77","first-page":"138","article-title":"Iron-related disturbances of cell-mediated immunity in multitransfused children with thalassemia major.","volume":"68","author":"Pardalos","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258727","article-title":"Pediatric thalassemic patients have higher incidence of asthma: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study.","volume":"16","author":"Hsieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2011.0030","article-title":"Cytokine levels and profiles in children related to sickle cell disease and asthma status.","volume":"32","author":"Knight-Madden","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e205","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e31820db7b1","article-title":"Asthma is a distinct comorbid condition in children with sickle cell anemia with elevated total and allergen-specific IgE levels.","volume":"33","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.12.1114","article-title":"Elevation of IgE in children with sickle cell disease is associated with doctor diagnosis of asthma and increased morbidity.","volume":"127","author":"An","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.03.030","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and risk of autoimmune conditions: population-based cohort study.","volume":"150","author":"de Lusignan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00476-2019","article-title":"Allergic diseases and long-term risk of autoimmune disorders: longitudinal cohort study and cluster analysis.","volume":"54","author":"Krishna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.21","article-title":"Maternal pregnancy weight gain and cord blood iron status are associated with eosinophilia in infancy.","volume":"35","author":"Weigert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514003122","article-title":"An exploratory study of the associations between maternal iron status in pregnancy and childhood wheeze and atopy.","volume":"112","author":"Nwaru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13034","article-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations in pregnancy and respiratory and allergic outcomes in childhood: birth cohort study.","volume":"47","author":"Shaheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25324","article-title":"Maternal iron status during early pregnancy and school-age, lung function, asthma, and allergy: the generation R study.","volume":"56","author":"Quezada-Pinedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2018-000275","article-title":"Maternal iron status during pregnancy and respiratory and atopic outcomes in the offspring: a Mendelian randomisation study.","volume":"5","author":"Bedard","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01911-2","article-title":"Pre-natal folic acid and iron supplementation and atopic dermatitis in the first 6 years of life.","volume":"311","author":"Fortes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1039\/C7MT00241F","article-title":"Linking iron-deficiency with allergy: role of molecular allergens and the microbiome.","volume":"9","author":"Roth-Walter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metallomics."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.132964","article-title":"Regulation of tissue iron homeostasis: the macrophage \u201cferrostat\u201d.","volume":"5","author":"Winn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2010.023879","article-title":"Polarization dictates iron handling by inflammatory and alternatively activated macrophages.","volume":"95","author":"Corna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910835","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in the pathophysiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DN)-new aspects.","volume":"22","author":"Baum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v49i6.91","article-title":"Perturbation of monocyte subsets in iron-deficient children \u2013 a shift to a pro-inflammatory state?","volume":"49","author":"Dhankar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol."},{"key":"B95","first-page":"401","article-title":"Increased in vitro tumour necrosis factor-alpha production in iron deficiency anemia.","volume":"5","author":"Munoz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01707.x","article-title":"The effects of iron deficiency on lymphocyte cytokine production and activation: preservation of hepatic iron but not at all cost.","volume":"126","author":"Jason","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2005.01573.x","article-title":"Cytokine mRNA expression and iron status in children living in a malaria endemic area.","volume":"61","author":"Nyakeriga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199808)28:08<2559::AID-IMMU2559>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Expansion of IL-3-responsive IL-4-producing non-B non-T cells correlates with anemia and IL-3 production in mice infected with blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi malaria.","volume":"28","author":"Helmby","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(91)90336-A","article-title":"Role of iron in T cell activation: TH1 clones differ from TH2 clones in their sensitivity to inhibition of DNA synthesis caused by IgG Mabs against the transferrin receptor and the iron chelator deferoxamine.","volume":"134","author":"Thorson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21520","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.366732","article-title":"Iron inhibits activation-induced cytidine deaminase enzymatic activity and modulates immunoglobulin class switch DNA recombination.","volume":"287","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B101","first-page":"833","article-title":"Multidisciplinary biomarkers aggrieve morbidity in schistosomiasis.","volume":"36","author":"Noha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Biomed."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2008.01030.x","article-title":"Distinct pattern of class and subclass antibodies in immune complexes of children with cerebral malaria and severe malarial anaemia.","volume":"30","author":"Mibei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"B103","first-page":"716","article-title":"Anemia and intestinal parasite infection in school children in rural Vietnam.","volume":"16","author":"Le","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-5710(95)00427-0","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in allergic granulomatous angitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome).","volume":"63","author":"Kojima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Hematol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507659029","article-title":"The effect of iron fortification and de-worming on anaemia and iron status of Vietnamese schoolchildren.","volume":"97","author":"Le Huong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence for lipoxygenase activity in induction of histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells by chelated iron.","volume":"49","author":"Magro","year":"1983","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(91)90241-F","article-title":"Desferal (desferrioxamine)\u2013a novel activator of connective tissue-type mast cells.","volume":"88","author":"Shalit","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1990.02150290059028","article-title":"Pulmonary syndrome in patients with thalassemia major receiving intravenous deferoxamine infusions.","volume":"144","author":"Freedman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01073-8","article-title":"Expression of proinflammatory cytokines via HIF-1alpha and NF-kappaB activation on desferrioxamine-stimulated HMC-1 cells.","volume":"306","author":"Jeong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14050","article-title":"Micronutritional supplementation with a holoBLG-based FSMP (food for special medical purposes)-lozenge alleviates allergic symptoms in BALB\/c mice: imitating the protective farm effect.","volume":"52","author":"Afify","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0769-2625(87)80072-7","article-title":"Biological effect of transferrin on mast cell mediator release during the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction: a possible inhibition mechanism involving iron.","volume":"138","author":"Mecheri","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:108:1-3:105","article-title":"Differentiation, distribution, and chemical state of intracellular trace elements in LAD2 mast cell line.","volume":"108","author":"Nakashima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000234211","article-title":"Purification of serum proteins with inhibitory activity on the histamine release in vitro and\/or in vivo.","volume":"82","author":"Theobald","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.023","article-title":"Cow\u2019s milk protein beta-lactoglobulin confers resilience against allergy by targeting complexed iron into immune cells.","volume":"147","author":"Roth-Walter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B115","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1374S","article-title":"Overview of zinc absorption and excretion in the human gastrointestinal tract.","volume":"130","author":"Krebs","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1336","article-title":"Adaptation in human zinc absorption as influenced by dietary zinc and bioavailability.","volume":"87","author":"Hunt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/119.1.48","article-title":"Effect of protein level and protein source on zinc absorption in humans.","volume":"119","author":"Sandstrom","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10080976","article-title":"Zinc and sepsis.","volume":"10","author":"Alker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.237081","article-title":"Hepcidin attenuates zinc efflux in caco-2 cells.","volume":"146","author":"Hennigar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi.16-00239-1","article-title":"Regulatory mechanism of mast cell activation by zinc signaling.","volume":"137","author":"Nishida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Yakugaku Zasshi."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b18-00565","article-title":"Type Calcium channel-mediated zinc wave is involved in the regulation of IL-6 by stimulating Non-IgE with LPS and IL-33 in mast cells and dendritic cells.","volume":"42","author":"Uchida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1100-1","article-title":"Zinc enhances the number of regulatory T cells in allergen-stimulated cells from atopic subjects.","volume":"56","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1086\/315916","article-title":"Effects of zinc deficiency on Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts.","volume":"182","author":"Prasad","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939574","article-title":"Zinc signals promote IL-2-dependent proliferation of T cells.","volume":"40","author":"Kaltenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6491","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.6491","article-title":"Zinc signals are essential for lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction in monocytes.","volume":"181","author":"Haase","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1373","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-mediated regulation of zinc homeostasis influences dendritic cell function.","volume":"7","author":"Kitamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.1.191","article-title":"Zinc deficiency suppresses the development of oral tolerance in rats.","volume":"133","author":"Finamore","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00117803","article-title":"Umbilical cord trace elements and minerals and risk of early childhood wheezing and eczema.","volume":"24","author":"Shaheen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2011.01190.x","article-title":"Serum micronutrient concentrations and childhood asthma: the PIAMA birth cohort study.","volume":"22","author":"van Oeffelen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4111747","article-title":"Associations between maternal antioxidant intakes in pregnancy and infant allergic outcomes.","volume":"4","author":"West","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.11.010","article-title":"Dietary intake of seaweed and minerals and prevalence of allergic rhinitis in Japanese pregnant females: baseline data from the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study.","volume":"16","author":"Miyake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02267.x","article-title":"Consumption of vegetables, fruit, and antioxidants during pregnancy and wheeze and eczema in infants.","volume":"65","author":"Miyake","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00507-2018","article-title":"Maternal dietary antioxidant intake in pregnancy and childhood respiratory and atopic outcomes: birth cohort study.","volume":"52","author":"Bedard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12729","article-title":"Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and risk of asthma, wheeze, and atopic diseases during childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"70","author":"Beckhaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2020.41.190020","article-title":"The role of antioxidants and 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy in the development of allergic diseases in early school-age children - Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study.","volume":"41","author":"Bobrowska-Korzeniowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2014.35.3748","article-title":"The role of zinc, copper, plasma glutathione peroxidase enzyme, and vitamins in the development of allergic diseases in early childhood: the polish mother and child cohort study.","volume":"35","author":"Stelmach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.23822\/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.114","article-title":"Risk factors of zinc deficiency in children with atopic dermatitis.","volume":"52","author":"Ehlayel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2020.v110i5.14308","article-title":"Investigating hair zinc concentrations in children with and without atopic dermatitis.","volume":"110","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"S Afr Med J."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15190","article-title":"Possible involvement of zinc transporter ZIP10 in atopic dermatitis.","volume":"47","author":"Nakajima","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121600","article-title":"Gingival crevicular fluid zinc- and aspartyl-binding protease profile of individuals with moderate\/severe atopic dermatitis.","volume":"10","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v49i3.191","article-title":"Infantile atopic dermatitis: serum vitamin D, zinc and TARC levels and their relationship with disease phenotype and severity.","volume":"49","author":"Esenboga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.03.007","article-title":"The immunomodulatory role of zinc in asthmatic patients.","volume":"110","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019003021","article-title":"Lower circulating zinc and selenium levels are associated with an increased risk of asthma: evidence from a meta-analysis.","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B145","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.18.1.19","article-title":"Bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids.","volume":"18","author":"Castenmiller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.72.1.40","article-title":"Factors influencing the conversion of carotenoids to retinol: bioavailability to bioconversion to bioefficacy.","volume":"72","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5093563","article-title":"Absorption of vitamin A and carotenoids by the enterocyte: focus on transport proteins.","volume":"5","author":"Reboul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072646","article-title":"Vitamin A derivatives as treatment options for retinal degenerative diseases.","volume":"5","author":"Perusek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2004.09.023","article-title":"Interactions amongst plasma retinol-binding protein, transthyretin and their ligands: implications in vitamin A homeostasis and transthyretin amyloidosis.","volume":"1703","author":"Raghu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s40629-018-0054-2","article-title":"Vitamin A and D in allergy: from experimental animal models and cellular studies to human disease.","volume":"27","author":"Hufnagl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergo J Int."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2378","article-title":"Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage.","volume":"8","author":"Mora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2022.100215","article-title":"Genetic dissection in mice reveals a dynamic crosstalk between the delivery pathways of vitamin A.","volume":"63","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020289","article-title":"Micronutrient supplementation and fortification interventions on health and development outcomes among children under-five in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Tam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B155","first-page":"509","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency among children\u2013federated states of Micronesia, 2000.","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2022.159122","article-title":"beta-carotene improves fecal dysbiosis and intestinal dysfunctions in a mouse model of vitamin A deficiency.","volume":"1867","author":"Honarbakhsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6466","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021003347","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency: experience from a tertiary referral UK hospital; not just a low- and middle-income country issue.","volume":"24","author":"Marley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.03.023","article-title":"Vitamin A status, inflammation adjustment, and immunologic response in the context of acute febrile illness: a pilot cohort study among pediatric patients.","volume":"40","author":"Colt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.6.1223","article-title":"Iron deficiency in young rats alters the distribution of vitamin A between plasma and liver and between hepatic retinol and retinyl esters.","volume":"129","author":"Rosales","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-190","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and risk of atopy: long-term follow-up of a randomized trial of vitamin A supplementation at six and nine months of age.","volume":"13","author":"Kiraly","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100835R","article-title":"Dysregulated retinoic acid signaling in airway smooth muscle cells in asthma.","volume":"35","author":"Defnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.12.013","article-title":"Induction of IL-10-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells by allergen immunotherapy is associated with clinical response.","volume":"54","author":"Golebski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13687","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency exacerbates extrinsic atopic dermatitis development by potentiating type 2 helper T cell-type inflammation and mast cell activation.","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa407","article-title":"Development of a compartmental model to investigate the influence of inflammation on predictions of vitamin A total body stores by retinol isotope dilution in theoretical humans.","volume":"151","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1258\/000456304322880032","article-title":"Micronutrient concentrations in patients with malignant disease: effect of the inflammatory response.","volume":"41","author":"Mayland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091257","article-title":"Plasma retinol levels and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in prepubertal children.","volume":"10","author":"de Dios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.4.1247","article-title":"Abnormal regulation of IFN-gamma secretion in vitamin A deficiency.","volume":"147","author":"Carman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250629","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency results in a priming environment conducive for Th1 cell development.","volume":"25","author":"Cantorna","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3734","article-title":"Vitamin A mediates conversion of monocyte-derived macrophages into tissue-resident macrophages during alternative activation.","volume":"18","author":"Gundra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.74.4.279","article-title":"Modulation of cytokine production by low and high retinoid diets in ovalbumin-sensitized mice.","volume":"74","author":"Ruhl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.10.001","article-title":"Mechanism underlying the suppressor activity of retinoic acid on IL4-induced IgE synthesis and its physiological implication.","volume":"322","author":"Seo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.114","article-title":"Oral tolerance is inefficient in neonatal mice due to a physiological vitamin A deficiency.","volume":"9","author":"Turfkruyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7180","DOI":"10.1021\/jf100519x","article-title":"Dietary carotenoids inhibit oral sensitization and the development of food allergy.","volume":"58","author":"Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.67.2176","article-title":"Inhibition of immunoglobulin E production in allergic model mice by supplementation with vitamin E and beta-carotene.","volume":"67","author":"Bando","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070602","article-title":"Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid.","volume":"204","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055427","article-title":"Retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors as pleiotropic modulators of the immune system.","volume":"34","author":"Larange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.670632","article-title":"Dietary derived micronutrients modulate immune responses through innate lymphoid cells.","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5387","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0360","article-title":"Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans.","volume":"89","author":"Armas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.491S","article-title":"From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health.","volume":"88","author":"Norman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410803","article-title":"A comparison of calcium, vitamin D, or both for nutritional rickets in Nigerian children.","volume":"341","author":"Thacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E951","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620697114","article-title":"Similarities and differences in the transcriptional control of expression of the mouse TSLP gene in skin epidermis and intestinal epithelium.","volume":"114","author":"Ganti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0488-7","article-title":"Vitamin D in pediatric age: consensus of the Italian pediatric society and the Italian society of preventive and social pediatrics, jointly with the Italian federation of pediatricians.","volume":"44","author":"Saggese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153061","article-title":"Vitamin D and the ability to produce 1,25(OH)2D are critical for protection from viral infection of the lungs.","volume":"14","author":"Arora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSMBR.931481","article-title":"Vitamin D inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in A549 cells by downregulating inflammatory cytokines.","volume":"27","author":"Gatera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit Basic Res."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000634","article-title":"Early evidence indicates vitamin D improves symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: nursing implications and future research opportunities.","volume":"44","author":"Matthews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Nurs."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6916","article-title":"Correlation of the severity of chronic kidney disease with serum inflammation, osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency.","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013040355","article-title":"Suppression of iron-regulatory hepcidin by vitamin D.","volume":"25","author":"Bacchetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6427926","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: a novel immunoregulatory hormone.","volume":"224","author":"Tsoukas","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6310748","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes.","volume":"221","author":"Provvedini","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24642","DOI":"10.3402\/ecrj.v2.24642","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of atopic diseases.","volume":"2","author":"Thomsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Clin Respir J."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000345958","article-title":"Non-pro-vitamin A and pro-vitamin A carotenoids in atopy development.","volume":"161","author":"Ruhl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13154","article-title":"Vitamin D in pediatric health and disease.","volume":"31","author":"Peroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_763_16","article-title":"Retinol levels in serum and chronic skin lesions of atopic dermatitis.","volume":"63","author":"Biswas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14438","article-title":"Association of antioxidants and vitamin D level with inflammation in children with atopic dermatitis.","volume":"58","author":"Daniluk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v49i2.67","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and severity of atopic dermatitis: pre-post assessment.","volume":"49","author":"Imoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475418805744","article-title":"Vitamin D level and supplementation in pediatric atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"23","author":"Lara-Corrales","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/02770900903056195","article-title":"Serum vitamin A and beta-carotene levels in children with asthma.","volume":"46","author":"Al Senaidy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Asthma."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-013-0359-6","article-title":"Nutritional supplements and plasma antioxidants in childhood asthma.","volume":"125","author":"Fabian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.08.006","article-title":"Serum nutrient markers and skin prick testing using data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey.","volume":"114","author":"McKeever","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02630.x","article-title":"Retinol concentrations after birth are inversely associated with atopic manifestations in children and young adults.","volume":"37","author":"Pesonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16206","article-title":"Food allergy in children is associated with Vitamin D deficiency: a case-control study.","volume":"111","author":"Kostara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2021.1975658","article-title":"Nutrient intake in school-aged children with food allergies: a case-control study.","volume":"73","author":"D\u2019Auria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.02.027","article-title":"Vitamin D and iron status in children with food allergy.","volume":"127","author":"Nowak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00447","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in prevention of food allergy in infants.","volume":"8","author":"Giannetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.05.051","article-title":"Polymorphisms affecting vitamin D-binding protein modify the relationship between serum vitamin D (25[OH]D3) and food allergy.","volume":"137","author":"Koplin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08780-y","article-title":"Maternal nutritional status and development of atopic dermatitis in their offspring.","volume":"61","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009830","article-title":"Serum levels of vitamin A and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) as reflectors of pulmonary function and quality of life (QOL) in children with stable asthma: a case-control study.","volume":"97","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.10.009","article-title":"Does a carrot a day keep the allergy away?","volume":"206","author":"Hufnagl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Lett."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2018.1531992","article-title":"Serum vitamin A, zinc and visual function in children with moderate to severe persistent asthma.","volume":"56","author":"Andino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Asthma."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23969","article-title":"Serum vitamin D profile of Nigerian children with asthma: association with asthma severity and control.","volume":"53","author":"Omole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200808-1361OC","article-title":"Serum vitamin D levels and markers of severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica.","volume":"179","author":"Brehm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36416\/1806-3756\/e20200279","article-title":"Vitamin D: association with eosinophil counts and IgE levels in children with asthma.","volume":"47","author":"Amorim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.041","article-title":"Effect of early and late prenatal vitamin D and maternal asthma status on offspring asthma or recurrent wheeze.","volume":"147","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.06.009","article-title":"The association of prenatal vitamin D sufficiency with aeroallergen sensitization and allergic rhinitis in early childhood.","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1906137","article-title":"Six-year follow-up of a trial of antenatal vitamin D for asthma reduction.","volume":"382","author":"Litonjua","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy016","article-title":"Vitamin A and D intake in pregnancy, infant supplementation, and asthma development: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort.","volume":"107","author":"Parr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.032623","article-title":"Manipulating antioxidant intake in asthma: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"96","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13979","article-title":"The effects of increasing fruit and vegetable intake in children with asthma: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"51","author":"Berthon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153087","article-title":"The effects of increasing fruit and vegetable intake in children with asthma on the modulation of innate immune responses.","volume":"14","author":"Hosseini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.11.001","article-title":"Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"127","author":"Nurmatov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.040","article-title":"Peanut, milk, and wheat intake during pregnancy is associated with reduced allergy and asthma in children.","volume":"133","author":"Bunyavanich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.074187","article-title":"Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children.","volume":"62","author":"Willers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.014","article-title":"Peanut and tree nut consumption during pregnancy and allergic disease in children-should mothers decrease their intake? Longitudinal evidence from the Danish National Birth Cohort.","volume":"130","author":"Maslova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451300038X","article-title":"Fish intake during pregnancy and the risk of child asthma and allergic rhinitis \u2013 longitudinal evidence from the Danish National Birth Cohort.","volume":"110","author":"Maslova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4443","article-title":"Prenatal fish oil supplementation and allergy: 6-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"137","author":"Best","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-018-0190-7","article-title":"Prenatal omega-3 LCPUFA and symptoms of allergic disease and sensitization throughout early childhood \u2013 a longitudinal analysis of long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"11","author":"Best","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12233","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on childhood allergies.","volume":"68","author":"Palmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.02.042","article-title":"Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy and allergic respiratory disease in the adult offspring.","volume":"139","author":"Hansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14949","article-title":"The maternal diet index in pregnancy is associated with offspring allergic diseases: the Healthy Start study.","volume":"77","author":"Venter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.23822\/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.170","article-title":"Does maternal diet during pregnancy influence clinical and laboratory characteristics of infantile-onset atopic dermatitis?","volume":"52","author":"Milewska-Wrobel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B231","first-page":"469","article-title":"Diet and prevalence of atopic eczema in 6 to 7-year-old schoolchildren in Spain: ISAAC phase III.","volume":"20","author":"Suarez-Varela","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.07.048","article-title":"The protective effect of farm milk consumption on childhood asthma and atopy: the GABRIELA study.","volume":"128","author":"Loss","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104803","article-title":"The major cow milk allergen Bos d 5 manipulates T-helper cells depending on its load with siderophore-bound iron.","volume":"9","author":"Roth-Walter","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.09.009","article-title":"Iron-induced chelation alleviates the potential allergenicity of ovotransferrin in a BALB\/c mouse model.","volume":"47","author":"Tong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Res."},{"key":"B235","first-page":"268","article-title":"Iron-mediated dismutation of superoxide anion augments antigen-induced allergic inflammation: effect of lactoferrin.","volume":"61","author":"Chodaczek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Postepy Hig Med Dosw."},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12125","article-title":"Secretory protein beta-lactoglobulin in cattle stable dust may contribute to the allergy-protective farm effect.","volume":"12","author":"Pali-Scholl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15052","article-title":"Bet v 1 from birch pollen is a hypoallergen with vitamin D3 in the pocket.","volume":"76","author":"Hufnagl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.08.075","article-title":"Increased stability and protease resistance of the beta-lactoglobulin\/vitamin D3 complex.","volume":"145","author":"Diarrassouba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611474","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.611474","article-title":"Bovine holo-beta-lactoglobulin cross-protects against pollen allergies in an innate manner in BALB\/c mice: potential model for the farm effect.","volume":"12","author":"Afify","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14259","article-title":"Retinoic acid-loading of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 may improve specific allergen immunotherapy: in silico, in vitro and in vivo data in BALB\/c mice.","volume":"75","author":"Hufnagl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19883-0","article-title":"Retinoic acid prevents immunogenicity of milk lipocalin Bos d 5 through binding to its immunodominant T-cell epitope.","volume":"8","author":"Hufnagl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17416","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.567875","article-title":"Bet v 1 from birch pollen is a lipocalin-like protein acting as allergen only when devoid of iron by promoting Th2 lymphocytes.","volume":"289","author":"Roth-Walter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480600738294","article-title":"Effect of whey protein to modulate immune response in children with atopic asthma.","volume":"57","author":"Lothian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.013","article-title":"Raw cow\u2019s milk consumption and allergic diseases \u2013 the potential role of bioactive whey proteins.","volume":"843","author":"Abbring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.11.017","article-title":"The beneficial effect of farm milk consumption on asthma, allergies, and infections: from meta-analysis of evidence to clinical trial.","volume":"8","author":"Brick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract."},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071499","article-title":"Suppression of food allergic symptoms by raw cow\u2019s milk in mice is retained after skimming but abolished after heating the milk-A promising contribution of alkaline phosphatase.","volume":"11","author":"Abbring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0138-0","article-title":"Cow\u2019s milk-based beverage consumption in 1- to 4-year-olds and allergic manifestations: an RCT.","volume":"15","author":"Pontes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr J."},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40629-021-00197-z","article-title":"Long-term benefits of targeted micronutrition with the holoBLG lozenge in house dust mite allergic patients.","volume":"31","author":"Bergmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergo J Int."},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s40629-021-00163-9","article-title":"Targeted micronutrition via holo-BLG based on the farm effect in house dust mite allergic rhinoconjunctivitis patients \u2013 first evaluation in a standardized allergen exposure chamber.","volume":"30","author":"Bergmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergo J Int."},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13399","article-title":"Milk processing increases the allergenicity of cow\u2019s milk-Preclinical evidence supported by a human proof-of-concept provocation pilot.","volume":"49","author":"Abbring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-019-0353-2","article-title":"Maternal diet before and during pregnancy and risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children.","volume":"15","author":"Baiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02335-2019","article-title":"Maternal iron supplementation in pregnancy and asthma in the offspring: follow-up of a randomised trial in Finland.","volume":"55","author":"Shaheen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040918","article-title":"Is iron supplementation influenced by sub-clinical inflammation?: a randomized controlled trial among adolescent schoolgirls in myanmar.","volume":"11","author":"Htet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.26719\/2014.20.6.391","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation in children with asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in northern Islamic Republic of Iran.","volume":"20","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2014","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J."},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1772","article-title":"Hair zinc levels and the efficacy of oral zinc supplementation in patients with atopic dermatitis.","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol."},{"key":"B256","first-page":"507","article-title":"Failure of oral zinc supplementation in atopic eczema.","volume":"45","author":"Ewing","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02099.x","article-title":"Dietary antioxidant intake, allergic sensitization and allergic diseases in young children.","volume":"64","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1398-9995.2003.00296.x","article-title":"The influence of the dietary intake of fatty acids and antioxidants on hay fever in adults.","volume":"58","author":"Nagel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.2.183","article-title":"Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity.","volume":"52","author":"Hathcock","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00006911","article-title":"Supplementation with vitamin A early in life and subsequent risk of asthma.","volume":"38","author":"Checkley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04407-2020","article-title":"Dietary intake of vitamin A, lung function and incident asthma in childhood.","volume":"58","author":"Talaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.08.022","article-title":"Early-life supplementation of vitamins A and D, in water-soluble form or in peanut oil, and allergic diseases during childhood.","volume":"118","author":"Kull","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2011.06.002","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption of dietary vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids.","volume":"1821","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1862753","article-title":"Functional effects of vitamin D: from nutrient to immunomodulator.","volume":"62","author":"Meza-Meza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15549","article-title":"Efficacy and safety profile of antioxidants in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther."},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-010-0353-x","article-title":"Sunny hours and variations in the prevalence of asthma in schoolchildren according to the international study of asthma and allergies (ISAAC) phase III in Spain.","volume":"55","author":"Arnedo-Pena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol."},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.002","article-title":"Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation for winter-related atopic dermatitis in children.","volume":"134","author":"Camargo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13303","article-title":"Dietary factors during pregnancy and atopic outcomes in childhood: a systematic review from the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology.","volume":"31","author":"Venter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.02.021","article-title":"High-dose vitamin D supplementation does not prevent allergic sensitization of infants.","volume":"209","author":"Rosendahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18318","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy on risk of persistent wheeze in the offspring: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"315","author":"Chawes","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18589","article-title":"Effect of prenatal supplementation with vitamin D on asthma or recurrent wheezing in offspring by age 3 years: the VDAART randomized clinical trial.","volume":"315","author":"Litonjua","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.013","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy, prenatal 25(OH)D levels, race, and subsequent asthma or recurrent wheeze in offspring: secondary analyses from the vitamin D antenatal asthma reduction trial.","volume":"140","author":"Wolsk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186657","article-title":"Prenatal vitamin D supplementation reduces risk of asthma\/recurrent wheeze in early childhood: a combined analysis of two randomized controlled trials.","volume":"12","author":"Wolsk","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.4.970","article-title":"Nutrient content of the diet when the fat is reduced.","volume":"48","author":"Dougherty","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2006.04.009","article-title":"Variability of B vitamin concentrations in wheat grain, milling fractions and bread products.","volume":"25","author":"Batifoulier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Agron."},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5780","article-title":"Appropriate age range for introduction of complementary feeding into an infant\u2019s diet.","volume":"17","author":"Castenmiller","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12190","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections and atopic dermatitis among Venezuelan Warao Amerindian pre- school children.","volume":"25","author":"Hagel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B278","first-page":"210","article-title":"Possible relationship between allergic disease and infection by Giardia lamblia.","volume":"70","author":"Di Prisco","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Allergy."},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(84)80012-3","article-title":"Incidence of atopic disease in a tropical environment: partial independence from intestinal helminthiasis.","volume":"73","author":"Lynch","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00545","article-title":"The role of diet diversity and diet indices on allergy outcomes.","volume":"8","author":"D\u2019Auria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032481\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T18:58:49Z","timestamp":1728673129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032481\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":280,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032481","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"article-number":"1032481"}}